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Register a new userAn analysis of the CoRoT-2 system: A young spotted star and its inflated giant planet
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Authors
Tristan Guillot
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Context: CoRoT-2b is one of the most anomalously large exoplanet known. Given its large mass, its large radius cannot be explained by standard evolution models. Interestingly, the planets parent star is an active, rapidly rotating solar-like star with a large fraction (7 to 20%) of spots. Aims: We want to provide constraints on the properties of the star-planet system and understand whether the planets inferred large size may be due to a systematic error on the inferred parameters, and if not, how it may be explained. Methods: We combine stellar and planetary evolution codes based on all available spectroscopic and photometric data to obtain self-consistent constraints on the system parameters. Results: We find no systematic error in the stellar modeling (including spots and stellar activity) that would yield the required ~10% reduction in size for the star and thus the planet. Two classes of solutions are found: the usual main sequence solution for the star yields for the planet a mass of 3.67+/-0.13 Mjup, a radius of 1.55+/-0.03 Rjup for an age that is at least 130Ma, and should be less than 500Ma given the stars fast rotation and significant activity. We identify another class of solutions on the pre-main sequence, in which case the planets mass is 3.45pm 0.27 Mjup, its radius is 1.50+/-0.06 Rjup for an age between 30 and 40 Ma. These extremely young solutions provide the simplest explanation for the planets size which can then be matched by a simple contraction from an initially hot, expanded state, provided the atmospheric opacities are increased by a factor ~3 compared to usual assumptions for solar compositions atmospheres. Other solutions imply in any case that the present inflated radius of CoRoT-2b is transient and the result of an event that occurred less than 20 Ma ago: a giant impact with another Jupiter-mass planet, or interactions with another object in the system which caused a significant rise of the eccentricity followed by the rapid circularization of its orbit. Conclusions: Additional observations of CoRoT-2 that could help understanding this system include searches for infrared excess and the presence of a debris disk and searches for additional companions. The determination of a complete infrared lightcurve including both the primary and secondary transits would also be extremely valuable to constrain the planets atmospheric properties and to determine the planet-to-star radius ratio in a manner less vulnerable to systematic errors due to stellar activity.
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The space experiment CoRoT has recently detected a transiting hot Jupiter in orbit around a moderately active F-type main-sequence star (CoRoT-Exo-4a). This planetary system is of particular interest because it has an orbital period of 9.202 days, the second longest one among the transiting planets known to date. We study the surface rotation and the activity of the host star during an uninterrupted sequence of optical observations of 58 days. Our approach is based on a maximum entropy spot modelling technique extensively tested by modelling the variation of the total solar irradiance. It assumes that stellar active regions consist of cool spots and bright faculae, analogous to sunspots and solar photospheric faculae, whose visibility is modulated by stellar rotation. The modelling of the light curve of CoRoT-Exo-4a reveals three main active longitudes with lifetimes between about 30 and 60 days that rotate quasi-synchronously with the orbital motion of the planet. The different rotation rates of the active longitudes are interpreted in terms of surface differential rotation and a lower limit of 0.057 pm 0.015 is derived for its relative amplitude. The enhancement of activity observed close to the subplanetary longitude suggests a magnetic star-planet interaction, although the short duration of the time series prevents us from drawing definite conclusions.
The CoRoT satellite has recently discovered the transits of a telluric planet across the disc of a late-type magnetically active star dubbed CoRoT-7, while a second planet has been detected after filtering out the radial velocity (hereafter RV) variations due to stellar activity. We investigate the magnetic activity of CoRoT-7 and use the results for a better understanding of its impact on stellar RV variations. We derive the longitudinal distribution of active regions on CoRoT-7 from a maximum entropy spot model of the CoRoT light curve. Assuming that each active region consists of dark spots and bright faculae in a fixed proportion, we synthesize the expected RV variations. Active regions are mainly located at three active longitudes which appear to migrate at different rates, probably as a consequence of surface differential rotation, for which a lower limit of Delta Omega / Omega = 0.058 pm 0.017 is found. The synthesized activity-induced RV variations reproduce the amplitude of the observed RV curve and are used to study the impact of stellar activity on planetary detection. In spite of the non-simultaneous CoRoT and HARPS observations, our study confirms the validity of the method previously adopted to filter out RV variations induced by stellar activity. We find a false-alarm probability < 0.01 percent that the RV oscillations attributed to CoRoT-7b and CoRoT-7c are spurious effects of noise and activity. Additionally, our model suggests that other periodicities found in the observed RV curve of CoRoT-7 could be explained by active regions whose visibility is modulated by a differential stellar rotation with periods ranging from 23.6 to 27.6 days.
V391 Peg (alias HS2201+2610) is a subdwarf B (sdB) pulsating star that shows both p- and g-modes. By studying the arrival times of the p-mode maxima and minima through the O-C method, in a previous article the presence of a planet was inferred with an orbital period of 3.2 yr and a minimum mass of 3.2 M_Jup. Here we present an updated O-C analysis using a larger data set of 1066 hours of photometric time series (~2.5x larger in terms of the number of data points), which covers the period between 1999 and 2012 (compared with 1999-2006 of the previous analysis). Up to the end of 2008, the new O-C diagram of the main pulsation frequency (f1) is compatible with (and improves) the previous two-component solution representing the long-term variation of the pulsation period (parabolic component) and the giant planet (sine wave component). Since 2009, the O-C trend of f1 changes, and the time derivative of the pulsation period (p_dot) passes from positive to negative; the reason of this change of regime is not clear and could be related to nonlinear interactions between different pulsation modes. With the new data, the O-C diagram of the secondary pulsation frequency (f2) continues to show two components (parabola and sine wave), like in the previous analysis. Various solutions are proposed to fit the O-C diagrams of f1 and f2, but in all of them, the sinusoidal components of f1 and f2 differ or at least agree less well than before. The nice agreement found previously was a coincidence due to various small effects that are carefully analysed. Now, with a larger dataset, the presence of a planet is more uncertain and would require confirmation with an independent method. The new data allow us to improve the measurement of p_dot for f1 and f2: using only the data up to the end of 2008, we obtain p_dot_1=(1.34+-0.04)x10**-12 and p_dot_2=(1.62+-0.22)x10**-12 ...
Strongly irradiated giant planets are observed to have radii larger than thermal evolution models predict. Although these inflated planets have been known for over fifteen years, it is unclear whether their inflation is caused by deposition of energy from the host star, or inhibited cooling of the planet. These processes can be distinguished if the planet becomes highly irradiated only when the host star evolves onto the red giant branch. We report the discovery of K2-97b, a 1.31 $pm$ 0.11 R$_mathrm{J}$, 1.10 $pm$ 0.11 M$_mathrm{J}$ planet orbiting a 4.20 $pm$ 0.14 R$_odot$, 1.16 $pm$ 0.12 M$_odot$ red giant star with an orbital period of 8.4 days. We precisely constrained stellar and planetary parameters by combining asteroseismology, spectroscopy, and granulation noise modeling along with transit and radial velocity measurements. The uncertainty in planet radius is dominated by systematic differences in transit depth, which we measure to be up to 30% between different lightcurve reduction methods. Our calculations indicate the incident flux on this planet was 170$^{+140}_{-60}$ times the incident flux on Earth while the star was on the main sequence. Previous studies suggest that this incident flux is insufficient to delay planetary cooling enough to explain the present planet radius. This system thus provides the first evidence that planets may be inflated directly by incident stellar radiation rather than by delayed loss of heat from formation. Further studies of planets around red giant branch stars will confirm or contradict this hypothesis, and may reveal a new class of re-inflated planets.
Context. Stars can maintain their observable magnetic activity from the PMS to the tip of the red giant branch. However, the number of known active giants is much lower than active stars on the main sequence since on the giant branch the stars spend only about 10% of their main sequence lifetime. Due to their rapid evolution it is difficult to estimate the stellar parameters of giant stars. A possibility for obtaining more reliable stellar parameters of an active giant arises when it is a member of an eclipsing binary system. Aims. We have discovered EPIC 211759736, an active spotted giant star in an eclipsing binary system during the Kepler K2 Campaign 5. The eclipsing nature allows us to much better constrain the stellar parameters than in most cases of active giant stars. Method. We have combined the K2 data with archival HATNet and DASCH photometry, new spectroscopic radial velocity measurements, and a set of follow-up ground-based BVRI photometric observations, to find the binary system parameters as well as robust spot models for the giant at two different epochs. Results. We determined the physical parameters of both stellar components and provide a description of the rotational and long-term activity of the primary component. The temperatures and luminosities of both components were examined in the context of the HR diagram. We find that both the primary and the secondary components deviate from the evolutionary tracks corresponding to their masses in the sense that the stars appear in the diagram at lower masses than their true masses. Conclusions. We further evaluate the proposition that active giants have masses that are found to be generally higher by traditional methods than are indicated by stellar evolution tracks in the HR diagram. A possible reason for this discrepancy could be a strong magnetic field, since we see greater differences in more active stars.
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