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Register a new userIon Acoustic Waves in Ultracold Neutral Plasmas
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We photoionize laser-cooled atoms with a laser beam possessing spatially periodic intensity modulations to create ultracold neutral plasmas with controlled density perturbations. Laser-induced fluorescence imaging reveals that the density perturbations oscillate in space and time, and the dispersion relation of the oscillations matches that of ion acoustic waves, which are long-wavelength, electrostatic, density waves.
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While ion heating by elastic electron-ion collisions may be neglected for a description of the evolution of freely expanding ultracold neutral plasmas, the situation is different in scenarios where the ions are laser-cooled during the system evolution. We show that electron-ion collisions in laser-cooled plasmas influence the ionic temperature, decreasing the degree of correlation obtainable in such systems. However, taking into account the collisions increases the ion temperature much less than what would be estimated based on static plasma clouds neglecting the plasma expansion. The latter leads to both adiabatic cooling of the ions as well as, more importantly, a rapid decrease of the collisional heating rate.
We investigate the strongly correlated ion dynamics and the degree of coupling achievable in the evolution of freely expanding ultracold neutral plasmas. We demonstrate that the ionic Coulomb coupling parameter $Gamma_{rm i}$ increases considerably in later stages of the expansion, reaching the strongly coupled regime despite the well-known initial drop of $Gamma_{rm i}$ to order unity due to disorder-induced heating. Furthermore, we formulate a suitable measure of correlation and show th at $Gamma_{rm i}$ calculated from the ionic temperature and density reflects the degree of order in the system if it is sufficiently close to a quasisteady state. At later times, however, the expansion of the plasma cloud becomes faster than the relaxation of correlations, and the system does not reach thermodynamic equilibrium anymore.
We describe a hybrid molecular dynamics approach for the description of ultracold neutral plasmas, based on an adiabatic treatment of the electron gas and a full molecular dynamics simulation of the ions, which allows us to follow the long-time evolution of the plasma including the effect of the strongly coupled ion motion. The plasma shows a rather complex relaxation behavior, connected with temporal as well as spatial oscillations of the ion temperature. Furthermore, additional laser cooling of the ions during the plasma evolution drastically modifies the expansion dynamics, so that crystallization of the ion component can occur in this nonequilibrium system, leading to lattice-like structures or even long-range order resulting in concentric shells.
Excitation of nonlinear ion acoustic wave (IAW) by an external electric field is demonstrated by Vlasov simulation. The frequency calculated by the dispersion relation with no damping is verified much closer to the resonance frequency of the small-amplitude nonlinear IAW than that calculated by the linear dispersion relation. When the wave number $ klambda_{De} $ increases, the linear Landau damping of the fast mode (its phase velocity is greater than any ions thermal velocity) increases obviously in the region of $ T_i/T_e < 0.2 $ in which the fast mode is weakly damped mode. As a result, the deviation between the frequency calculated by the linear dispersion relation and that by the dispersion relation with no damping becomes larger with $klambda_{De}$ increasing. When $klambda_{De}$ is not large, such as $klambda_{De}=0.1, 0.3, 0.5$, the nonlinear IAW can be excited by the driver with the linear frequency of the modes. However, when $klambda_{De}$ is large, such as $klambda_{De}=0.7$, the linear frequency can not be applied to exciting the nonlinear IAW, while the frequency calculated by the dispersion relation with no damping can be applied to exciting the nonlinear IAW.
The nonlinear theory of two-dimensional ion-acoustic (IA) solitary waves and shocks (SWS) is revisited in a dissipative quantum plasma. The effects of dispersion, caused by the charge separation of electrons and ions and the quantum force associated with the Bohm potential for degenerate electrons, as well as, the dissipation due to the ion kinematic viscosity are considered. Using the reductive perturbation technique, a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Burgers (KPB)-type equation, which governs the evolution of small-amplitude SWS in quantum plasmas, is derived, and its different solutions are obtained and analyzed. It is shown that the KPB equation can admit either compressive or rarefactive SWS according to when $Hlessgtr2/3$, or the particle number density satisfies $n_0gtrless 1.3times10^{31}$ cm$^{-3}$, where $H$ is the ratio of the electron plasmon energy to the Fermi energy densities. Furthermore, the properties of large-amplitude stationary shocks are studied numerically in the case when the wave dispersion due to charge separation is negligible. It is also shown that a transition from monotonic to oscillatory shocks occurs by the effects of the quantum parameter $H$.
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