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Register a new userComplex Variable Methods for 3D Applied Mathematics: 3D Twistors and the biharmonic equation
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William T. Shaw
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In applied mathematics generally and fluid dynamics in particular, the role of complex variable methods is normally confined to two-dimensional motion and the association of points with complex numbers via the assignment w = x+i y. In this framework 2D potential flow can be treated through the use of holomorphic functions and biharmonic flow through a simple, but superficially non-holomorphic extension. This paper explains how to elevate the use of complex methods to three dimensions, using Penroses theory of twistors as adapted to intrinsically 3D and non-relativistic problems by Hitchin. We first summarize the equations of 3D steady viscous fluid flow in their basic geometric form. We then explain the theory of twistors for 3D, resulting in complex holomorphic representations of solutions to harmonic and biharmonic problems. It is shown how this intrinsically holomorphic 3D approach reduces naturally to the well-known 2D situations when there is translational or rotational symmetry, and an example is given. We also show how the case of small but finite Reynolds number can be integrated by complex variable techniques in two dimensions, albeit under strong assumptions.
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The biharmonic equation, as well as its nonlinear and inhomogeneous generalizations, plays an important role in engineering and physics. In particular the focusing biharmonic nonlinear Schr{o}dinger equation, and its standing wave solutions, have been intensively investigated. In the present paper we consider the applications of the Laplace-Adomian and Adomian Decomposition Methods for obtaining semi-analytical solutions of the generalized biharmonic equations of the type $Delta ^{2}y+alpha Delta y+omega y+b^{2}+gleft( yright) =f$, where $alpha $, $omega $ and $b$ are constants, and $g$ and $f$ are arbitrary functions of $y$ and the independent variable, respectively. After introducing the general algorithm for the solution of the biharmonic equation, as an application we consider the solutions of the one-dimensional and radially symmetric biharmonic standing wave equation $Delta ^{2}R+R-R^{2sigma +1}=0$, with $sigma = {rm constant}$. The one-dimensional case is analyzed by using both the Laplace-Adomian and the Adomian Decomposition Methods, respectively, and the truncated series solutions are compared with the exact numerical solution. The power series solution of the radial biharmonic standing wave equation is also obtained, and compared with the numerical solution.
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