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Register a new userThe VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey: Evolution in the Halo Occupation Number since z $sim$ 1
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We model the evolution of the mean galaxy occupation of dark-matter halos over the range $0.1<z<1.3$, using the data from the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS). The galaxy projected correlation function $w_p(r_p)$ was computed for a set of luminosity-limited subsamples and fits to its shape were obtained using two variants of Halo Occupation Distribution models. These provide us with a set of best-fitting parameters, from which we obtain the average mass of a halo and average number of galaxies per halo. We find that after accounting for the evolution in luminosity and assuming that we are largely following the same population, the underlying dark matter halo shows a growth in mass with decreasing redshift as expected in a hierarchical structure formation scenario. Using two different HOD models, we see that the halo mass grows by 90% over the redshift interval z=[0.5,1.0]. This is the first time the evolution in halo mass at high redshifts has been obtained from a single data survey and it follows the simple form seen in N-body simulations with $M(z) = M_0 e^{-beta z}$, and $beta = 1.3 pm 0.30$. This provides evidence for a rapid accretion phase of massive halos having a present-day mass $M_0 sim 10^{13.5} h^{-1} M_odot$, with a $m > 0.1 M_0$ merger event occuring between redshifts of 0.5 and 1.0. Futhermore, we find that more luminous galaxies are found to occupy more massive halos irrespectively of the redshift. Finally, the average number of galaxies per halo shows little increase from redshift z$sim$ 1.0 to z$sim$ 0.5, with a sharp increase by a factor $sim$3 from z$sim$ 0.5 to z$sim$ 0.1, likely due to the dynamical friction of subhalos within their host halos.
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We study the clustering of galaxies as function of luminosity and redshift in the range $0.35 < z < 1.25$ using data from the Advanced Large Homogeneous Area Medium Band Redshift Astronomical (ALHAMBRA) survey. The ALHAMBRA data used in this work cover $2.38 mathrm{deg}^2$ in 7 independent fields, after applying a detailed angular selection mask, with accurate photometric redshifts, $sigma_z lesssim 0.014 (1+z)$, down to $I_{rm AB} < 24$. Given the depth of the survey, we select samples in $B$-band luminosity down to $L^{rm th} simeq 0.16 L^{*}$ at $z = 0.9$. We measure the real-space clustering using the projected correlation function, accounting for photometric redshifts uncertainties. We infer the galaxy bias, and study its evolution with luminosity. We study the effect of sample variance, and confirm earlier results that the COSMOS and ELAIS-N1 fields are dominated by the presence of large structures. For the intermediate and bright samples, $L^{rm med} gtrsim 0.6L^{*}$, we obtain a strong dependence of bias on luminosity, in agreement with previous results at similar redshift. We are able to extend this study to fainter luminosities, where we obtain an almost flat relation, similar to that observed at low redshift. Regarding the evolution of bias with redshift, our results suggest that the different galaxy populations studied reside in haloes covering a range in mass between $log_{10}[M_{rm h}/(h^{-1}mathrm{M}_{odot})] gtrsim 11.5$ for samples with $L^{rm med} simeq 0.3 L^{*}$ and $log_{10}[M_{rm h}/(h^{-1}mathrm{M}_{odot})] gtrsim 13.0$ for samples with $L^{rm med} simeq 2 L^{*}$, with typical occupation numbers in the range of $sim 1 - 3$ galaxies per halo.
We present a clustering analysis of ~60,000 massive (stellar mass Mstar > 10^{11} Msun) galaxies out to z = 1 drawn from 55.2 deg2 of the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) II Supernova Survey. Strong clustering is detected for all the subsamples of massive galaxies characterized by different stellar masses (Mstar = 10^{11.0-11.5} Msun, 10^{11.5-12.0} Msun) or rest-frame colors (blue: U - V < 1.0, red: U - V > 1.0). We find that more mature (more massive or redder) galaxies are more clustered, which implies that more mature galaxies have started stellar-mass assembly earlier within the highly-biased region where the structure formation has also started earlier. By means of halo occupation distribution (HOD) models fitted to the observed angular correlation function, we infer the properties of the underlying host dark halos. We find that the estimated bias factors and host halo masses are systematically larger for galaxies with larger stellar masses, which is consistent with the general agreement that the capability of hosting massive galaxies depends strongly on halo mass. The estimated effective halo masses are ~10^{14} Msun, which gives the stellar-mass to halo-mass ratios of ~0.003. The observed evolution of bias factors indicates rapid evolution of spatial distributions of cold dark matter relative to those traced by the massive galaxies, while the transition of host halo masses might imply that the fractional mass growth rate of halos is less than those of stellar systems. The inferred halo masses and high fractions of central galaxies indicate that the massive galaxies in the current sample are possibly equivalent to central galaxies of galaxy clusters.
From the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey we use a sample of 6447 galaxies with I_{AB} < 24 to identify 251 pairs of galaxies, each member with a secure spectroscopic redshift, which are close in both projected separation and in velocity. We find that at z ~ 0.9, 10.9 +/- 3.2 % of galaxies with M_B(z) < -18-Qz are in pairs with separations dr < 20 kpc/h, dv < 500 km/s, and with dM_B < 1.5, significantly larger than 3.76 +/- 1.71 % at z ~ 0.5; we find that the pair fraction evolves as (1+z)^m with m = 2.49 +/- 0.56. For brighter galaxies with M_B(z=0) < -18.77, the pair fraction is higher and its evolution with redshift is somewhat flatter with m=1.88 pm 0.40, a property also observed for galaxies with increasing stellar masses. Early type, dry mergers, pairs increase their relative fraction from 3 % at z ~ 0.9 to 12 % at z ~ 0.5. We find that the merger rate evolves as N_{mg}=(9.05 +/- 3.76) * 10^{-4}) * (1+z)^{2.43 +/- 0.76}. We find that the merger rate of galaxies with M_B(z) < -18-Qz has significantly evolved since z ~ 1. The merger rate is increasing more rapidly with redshift for galaxies with decreasing luminosities, indicating that the flat evolution found for bright samples is not universal. The merger rate is also strongly dependent on the spectral type of galaxies involved, late type mergers being more frequent in the past, while early type mergers are more frequent today, contributing to the rise in the local density of early type galaxies. About 20 % of the stellar mass in present day galaxies with log(M/M_{sun}) > 9.5 has been accreted through major merging events since z ~ 1, indicating that major mergers have contributed significantly to the growth in stellar mass density of bright galaxies over the last half of the life of the Universe.
[Abridged] We present a homogeneous and complete catalogue of optical groups identified in the purely flux limited (17.5<=I<=24.0) VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS). We use mock catalogues extracted from the MILLENNIUM simulation, to correct for potential systematics that might affect the overall distribution as well as the individual properties of the identified systems. Simulated samples allow us to forecast the number and properties of groups that can be potentially found in a survey with VVDS-like selection functions. We use them to correct for the expected incompleteness and also to asses how well galaxy redshifts trace the line-of-sight velocity dispersion of the underlying mass overdensity. In particular, we train on these mock catalogues the adopted group-finding technique (the Voronoi-Delaunay Method, VDM). The goal is to fine-tune its free parameters, recover in a robust and unbiased way the redshift and velocity dispersion distributions of groups and maximize the level of completeness (C) and purity (P) of the group catalogue. We identify 318 VVDS groups with at least 2 members within 0.2<=z<=1.0, among which 144 (/30) with at least 3 (/5) members. The sample has globally C=60% and P=50%. Nearly 45% of the groups with at least 3 members are still recovered if we run the algorithm with a parameter set which maximizes P (75%). We exploit the group sample to study the redshift evolution of the fraction f_b of blue galaxies (U-B<=1) within 0.2<=z<=1. We find that f_b is significantly lower in groups than in the whole ensemble of galaxies irrespectively of their environment. These quantities increase with redshift, with f_b in groups showing a marginally significant steeper increase. We also confirm that, at any explored redshift, f_b decreases for increasing group richness, and we extend towards fainter luminosities the magnitude range over which this result holds.
A large fraction of the stellar mass in galaxy clusters is thought to be contained in the diffuse low surface brightness intracluster light (ICL). Being bound to the gravitational potential of the cluster rather than any individual galaxy, the ICL contains much information about the evolution of its host cluster and the interactions between the galaxies within. However due its low surface brightness it is notoriously difficult to study. We present the first detection and measurement of the flux contained in the ICL at z~1. We find that the fraction of the total cluster light contained in the ICL may have increased by factors of 2-4 since z~1, in contrast to recent findings for the lack of mass and scale size evolution found for brightest cluster galaxies. Our results suggest that late time buildup in cluster cores may occur more through stripping than merging and we discuss the implications of our results for hierarchical simulations.
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