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Register a new userSubmillimeter Number Counts at 250, 350 and 500 microns in BLAST data
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Matthieu B\\'ethermin
Publication date
2010
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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BLAST (Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Submillimeter Telescope) performed the first deep and wide extragalactic survey at 250, 350 and 500 um. The extragalactic number counts at these wavelengths are important constraints for modeling the infrared galaxies evolution. [...] We use three methods to identify the submillimeter sources. 1) Blind extraction. [...] The photometry is computed with a new simple and quick PSF fitting routine (FASTPHOT). [...] 2) Extraction with prior. [...] 3) A stacking analysis. [...] With the blind extraction, we reach 97, 83 and 76 mJy at resp. 250, 350 and 500 um with a 95% completeness. With the prior extraction, we reach 76 mJy (resp. 63 and 49 mJy) at 250 um (resp. 350 and 500 um). With the stacking analysis, we reach 6.2 mJy (resp. 5.2 and 3.5 mJy) at 250 um (resp. 350 and 500 um). The differential submillimeter number counts are derived, and start showing a turnover at flux densities decreasing with increasing wavelength. There is a very good agreement with the P(D) analysis of Patanchon et al. (2009). At bright fluxes (>100 mJy), the Lagache et al. (2004) and Le Borgne et al. (2009) models slightly overestimate the observed counts, but there is a very good agreement near the peak of differential number counts. [...] Counts are available at: http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/irgalaxies/downloads.php
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Emission at far-infrared wavelengths makes up a significant fraction of the total light detected from galaxies over the age of Universe. Herschel provides an opportunity for studying galaxies at the peak wavelength of their emission. Our aim is to provide a benchmark for models of galaxy population evolution and to test pre-existing models of galaxies. With the Herschel Multi-tiered Extra-galactic survey, HerMES, we have observed a number of fields of different areas and sensitivity using the SPIRE instrument on Herschel. We have determined the number counts of galaxies down to ~20 mJy. Our constraints from directly counting galaxies are consistent with, though more precise than, estimates from the BLAST fluctuation analysis. We have found a steep rise in the Euclidean normalised counts at <100 mJy. We have directly resolved 15% of the infrared extra-galactic background at the wavelength near where it peaks.
Aims. The Herschel-ATLAS survey (H-ATLAS) will be the largest area survey to be undertaken by the Herschel Space Observatory. It will cover 550 sq. deg. of extragalactic sky at wavelengths of 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 microns when completed, reaching flux limits (5 sigma) from 32 to 145mJy. We here present galaxy number counts obtained for SPIRE observations of the first ~14 sq. deg. observed at 250, 350 and 500 microns. Methods. Number counts are a fundamental tool in constraining models of galaxy evolution. We use source catalogs extracted from the H-ATLAS maps as the basis for such an analysis. Correction factors for completeness and flux boosting are derived by applying our extraction method to model catalogs and then applied to the raw observational counts. Results. We find a steep rise in the number counts at flux levels of 100-200mJy in all three SPIRE bands, consistent with results from BLAST. The counts are compared to a range of galaxy evolution models. None of the current models is an ideal fit to the data but all ascribe the steep rise to a population of luminous, rapidly evolving dusty galaxies at moderate to high redshift.
We detect correlations in the cosmic far-infrared background due to the clustering of star-forming galaxies in observations made with the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope, BLAST, at 250, 350, and 500 microns. We perform jackknife and other tests to confirm the reality of the signal. The measured correlations are well fit by a power law over scales of 5-25 arcminutes, with Delta I/I = 15.1 +/- 1.7%. We adopt a specific model for submillimeter sources in which the contribution to clustering comes from sources in the redshift ranges 1.3 <= z <= 2.2, 1.5 <= z <= 2.7, and 1.7 <= z <= 3.2, at 250, 350, and 500 microns, respectively. With these distributions, our measurement of the power spectrum, P(k_theta), corresponds to linear bias parameters, b = 3.8 +/- 0.6, 3.9 +/- 0.6 and 4.4 +/- 0.7, respectively. We further interpret the results in terms of the halo model, and find that at the smaller scales, the simplest halo model fails to fit our results. One way to improve the fit is to increase the radius at which dark matter halos are artificially truncated in the model, which is equivalent to having some star-forming galaxies at z >= 1 located in the outskirts of groups and clusters. In the context of this model we find a minimum halo mass required to host a galaxy is log (M_min / M_sun) = 11.5 (+0.4/-0.1), and we derive effective biases $b_eff = 2.2 +/- 0.2, 2.4 +/- 0.2, and 2.6 +/- 0.2, and effective masses log (M_eff / M_sun) = 12.9 +/- 0.3, 12.8 +/- 0.2, and 12.7 +/- 0.2, at 250, 350, and 500 microns, corresponding to spatial correlation lengths of r_0 = 4.9, 5.0, and 5.2 +/- 0.7 h^-1 Mpc, respectively. Finally, we discuss implications for clustering measurement strategies with Herschel and Planck.
ABRIGED Herschel/SPIRE has provided confusion limited maps of deep fields at 250, 350, and 500um, as part of the HerMES survey. Due to confusion, only a small fraction of the Cosmic Infrared Background can be resolved into individually-detected sources. Our goal is to produce deep galaxy number counts and redshift distributions below the confusion limit, which we then use to place strong constraints on the origins of the cosmic infrared background and on models of galaxy evolution. We individually extracted the bright SPIRE with a method using the positions, the flux densities, and the redshifts of the 24um sources as a prior, and derived the number counts and redshift distributions of the bright SPIRE sources. For fainter SPIRE sources, we reconstructed the number counts and the redshift distribution below the confusion limit using the deep 24um catalogs associated with photometric redshift and information provided by the stacking of these sources into the deep SPIRE maps. Finally, by integrating all these counts, we studied the contribution of the galaxies to the CIB as a function of their flux density and redshift. Through stacking, we managed to reconstruct the source counts per redshift slice down to ~2 mJy in the three SPIRE bands, which lies about a factor 10 below the 5sigma confusion limit. None of the pre-existing population models are able to reproduce our results at better than 3sigma. Finally, we extrapolate our counts to zero flux density in order to derive an estimate of the total contribution of galaxies to the CIB, finding 10.1, 6.5, and 2.8 nW/m2/sr at 250, 350, and 500um, respectively. These values agree well with FIRAS absolute measurements, suggesting our number counts and their extrapolation are sufficient to explain the CIB. Finally, combining our results with other works, we estimate the energy budget contained in the CIB between 8 and 1000um: 26 nW/m2/sr.
We describe the application of a statistical method to estimate submillimeter galaxy number counts from confusion limited observations by the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST). Our method is based on a maximum likelihood fit to the pixel histogram, sometimes called P(D), an approach which has been used before to probe faint counts, the difference being that here we advocate its use even for sources with relatively high signal-to-noise ratios. This method has an advantage over standard techniques of source extraction in providing an unbiased estimate of the counts from the bright end down to flux densities well below the confusion limit. We specifically analyse BLAST observations of a roughly 10 sq. deg. map centered on the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey South (GOODS-S) field. We provide estimates of number counts at the three BLAST wavelengths, 250, 350, and 500 microns; instead of counting sources in flux bins we estimate the counts at several flux density nodes connected with power-laws. We observe a generally very steep slope for the counts of about -3.7 at 250 microns and -4.5 at 350 and 500 microns, over the range ~0.02-0.5 Jy, breaking to a shallower slope below about 0.015 Jy at all three wavelengths. We also describe how to estimate the uncertainties and correlations in this method so that the results can be used for model-fitting. This method should be well-suited for analysis of data from the Herschel satellite.
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