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Register a new userRadiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks II. Line diagnostics
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Methods. We use the recently developed disk code ProDiMo to calculate the physico-chemical structure of protoplanetary disks and apply the Monte-Carlo line radiative transfer code RATRAN to predict observable line profiles and fluxes. We consider a series of Herbig Ae type disk models ranging from 10^-6 M_Sun to 2.2 10^-2 M_Sun (between 0.5 and 700 AU) to discuss the dependency of the line fluxes and ratios on disk mass for otherwise fixed disk parameters. Results. We find the [CII] 157.7 mum line to originate in LTE from the surface layers of the disk, where Tg > Td . The total emission is dominated by surface area and hence depends strongly on disk outer radius. The [OI] lines can be very bright (> 10^-16 W/m^2) and form in slightly deeper and closer regions under non-LTE conditions. The high-excitation [OI] 145.5 mum line, which has a larger critical density, decreases more rapidly with disk mass than the 63.2 mum line. Therefore, the [OI] 63.2 mum/145.5 mum ratio is a promising disk mass indicator, especially as it is independent of disk outer radius for Rout > 200 AU. CO is abundant only in deeper layers A_V >~ 0.05. For too low disk masses (M_disk <~10^-4 M_Sun) the dust starts to become transparent, and CO is almost completely photo-dissociated. For masses larger than that the lines are an excellent independent tracer of disk outer radius and can break the outer radius degeneracy in the [OI] 63.2 mum/[CII]157.7 mum line ratio. Conclusions. The far-IR fine-structure lines of [CII] and [OI] observable with Herschel provide a promising tool to measure the disk gas mass, although they are mainly generated in the atomic surface layers. In spatially unresolved observations, none of these lines carry much information about the inner, possibly hot regions < 30 AU.
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Aims. We define a small and large chemical network which can be used for the quantitative simultaneous analysis of molecular emission from the near-IR to the submm. We revise reactions of excited molecular hydrogen, which are not included in UMIST, to provide a homogeneous database for future applications. Methods. We use the thermo-chemical disk modeling code ProDiMo and a standard T Tauri disk model to evaluate the impact of various chemical networks, reaction rate databases and sets of adsorption energies on a large sample of chemical species and emerging line fluxes from the near-IR to the submm wavelength range. Results. We find large differences in the masses and radial distribution of ice reservoirs when considering freeze-out on bare or polar ice coated grains. Most strongly the ammonia ice mass and the location of the snow line (water) change. As a consequence molecules associated to the ice lines such as N2H+ change their emitting region; none of the line fluxes in the sample considered here changes by more than 25% except CO isotopologues, CN and N2H+ lines. The three-body reaction N+H2+M plays a key role in the formation of water in the outer disk. Besides that, differences between the UMIST 2006 and 2012 database change line fluxes in the sample considered here by less than a factor 2 (a subset of low excitation CO and fine structure lines stays even within 25%); exceptions are OH, CN, HCN, HCO+ and N2H+ lines. However, different networks such as OSU and KIDA 2011 lead to pronounced differences in the chemistry inside 100 au and thus affect emission lines from high excitation CO, OH and CN lines. H2 is easily excited at the disk surface and state-to-state reactions enhance the abundance of CH+ and to a lesser extent HCO+. For sub-mm lines of HCN, N2H+ and HCO+, a more complex larger network is recommended. ABBREVIATED
Most of the mass in protoplanetary disks is in the form of gas. The study of the gas and its diagnostics is of fundamental importance in order to achieve a detailed description of the thermal and chemical structure of the disk. The radiation from the central star (from optical to X-ray wavelengths) and viscous accretion are the main source of energy and dominates the disk physics and chemistry in its early stages. This is the environment in which the first phases of planet formation will proceed. We investigate how stellar and disk parameters impact the fine-structure cooling lines [NeII], [ArII], [OI], [CII] and H2O rotational lines in the disk. These lines are potentially powerful diagnostics of the disk structure and their modelling permits a thorough interpretation of the observations carried out with instrumental facilities such as Spitzer and Herschel. Following Aresu et al. (2011), we computed a grid of 240 disk models, in which the X-ray luminosity, UV-excess luminosity, minimum dust grain size, dust size distribution power law and surface density distribution power law, are systematically varied. We solve self-consistently for the disk vertical hydrostatic structure in every model and apply detailed line radiative transfer to calculate line fluxes and profiles for a series of well known mid- and far-infrared cooling lines. The [OI] 63 micron line flux increases with increasing FUV luminosity when Lx < 1e30 erg/s, and with increasing X-ray luminosity when LX > 1e30 erg/s. [CII] 157 micron is mainly driven by FUV luminosity via C+ production, X-rays affect the line flux to a lesser extent. [NeII] 12.8 micron correlates with X-rays; the line profile emitted from the disk atmosphere shows a double-peaked component, caused by emission in the static disk atmosphere, next to a high velocity double-peaked component, caused by emission in the very inner rim. (abridged)
The carbon monoxide rovibrational emission from discs around Herbig Ae stars and T Tauri stars with strong ultraviolet emissions suggests that fluorescence pumping from the ground X1 Sigma+ to the electronic A1 Pi state of CO should be taken into account in disc models. We implemented a CO model molecule that includes up to 50 rotational levels within nine vibrational levels for the ground and A excited states in the radiative photochemical code ProDiMo. We took CO collisions with hydrogen molecules, hydrogen atoms, helium, and electrons into account. We estimated the missing collision rates using standard scaling laws and discussed their limitations. UV fluorescence and IR pumping impact on the population of ro-vibrational v > 1 levels. The v = 1 rotational levels are populated at rotational temperatures between the radiation temperature around 4.6 micron and the gas kinetic temperature. The UV pumping efficiency increases with decreasing disc mass. The consequence is that the vibrational temperatures, which measure the relative populations between the vibrational levels, are higher than the disc gas kinetic temperatures (suprathermal population). Rotational temperatures from fundamental transitions derived using optically thick 12CO lines do not reflect the gas kinetic temperature. CO pure rotational levels with energies lower than 1000 K are populated in LTE but are sensitive to a number of vibrational levels included in the model. The 12CO pure rotational lines are highly optically thick for transition from levels up to Eupper=2000 K. (abridged)
Magnetic fields are fundamental to the accretion dynamics of protoplanetary disks and they likely affect planet formation. Typical methods to study the magnetic field morphology observe the polarization of dust or spectral lines. However, it has recently become clear that dust-polarization in ALMAs spectral regime not always faithfully traces the magnetic field structure of protoplanetary disks, which leaves spectral line polarization as a promising method of mapping the magnetic field morphologies of such sources. We aim to model the emergent polarization of different molecular lines in the ALMA wavelength regime that are excited in protoplanetary disks. We explore a variety of disk models and molecules to identify those properties that are conducive to the emergence of polarization in spectral lines and may therefore be viably used for magnetic field measurements in protoplanetary disks. Methods. We use PORTAL (POlarized Radiative Transfer Adapted to Lines) in conjunction with LIME (Line Emission Modeling Engine). Together, they allow us to treat the polarized line radiative transfer of complex three-dimensional physical and magnetic field structures. We present simulations of the emergence of spectral line polarization of different molecules and molecular transitions in the ALMA wavelength regime and we comment on the observational feasibility of ALMA linear polarization observations of protoplanetary disks. We find that molecules that thermalize at high densities, such as HCN, are also most susceptible to polarization. We find that such molecules are expected to be significantly polarized in protoplanetary disks, while molecules that thermalize at low densities, such as CO, are only significantly polarized in the outer disk regions.
Aims. We want to understand the chemistry and physics of disks on the basis of a large unbiased and statistically relevant grid of disk models. One of the main goals is to explore the diagnostic power of various gas emission lines and line ratios for deriving main disk parameters such as the gas mass. Methods. We explore the results of the DENT grid (Disk Evolution with Neat Theory) that consists of 300 000 disk models with 11 free parameters. Through a statistical analysis, we search for correlations and trends in an effort to find tools for disk diagnostic. Results. All calculated quantities like species masses, temperatures, continuum and line fluxes differ by several orders of magnitude across the entire parameter space. The broad distribution of these quantities as a function of input parameters shows the limitation of using a prototype T Tauri or Herbig Ae/Be disk model. The statistical analysis of the DENT grid shows that CO gas is rarely the dominant carbon reservoir in disks. Models with large inner radii (10 times the dust condensation radius) and/or shallow surface density gradients lack massive gas phase water reservoirs. Also, 60% of the disks have gas temperatures averaged over the oxygen mass in the range between 15 and 70 K; the average gas temperatures for CO and O differ by less than a factor two. Studying the observational diagnostics, the [CII] 158 mum fine structure line flux is very sensitive to the stellar UV flux and presence of a UV excess and it traces the outer disk radius (Rout). In the submm, the CO low J rotational lines also trace Rout. Low [OI] 63/145 line ratios (< a few) can be explained with cool atomic O gas in the uppermost surface layers leading to self-absorption in the 63 mum line; this occurs mostly for massive non-flaring, settled disk models without UV excess. ... abbreviated
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