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Register a new userFIRST Explorer -- An innovative low-cost passive formation-flying system
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Authors
Jan E. S. Bergman
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Formation-flying studies to date have required continuous and minute corrections of the orbital elements and attitudes of the spacecraft.This increases the complexity, and associated risk, of controlling the formation, which often makes formation-flying studies infeasible for technological and economic reasons. Passive formation-flying is a novel space-flight concept, which offers a remedy to those problems. Spacecraft in a passive formation are allowed to drift and rotate slowly, but by using advanced metrology and statistical modelling methods, their relative positions, velocities, and orientations are determined with very high accuracy. The metrology data is used directly by the payloads to compensate for spacecraft motions in software. The normally very stringent spacecraft control requirements are thereby relaxed, which significantly reduces mission complexity and cost. Space-borne low-frequency radio astronomy has been identified as a key science application for a conceptual pathfinder mission using this novel approach. The mission, called FIRST (Formation-flying sub-Ionospheric Radio astronomy Science and Technology) Explorer, is currently under study by the European Space Agency (ESA). Its objective is to demonstrate passive formation-flying and at the same time perform unique world class science with a very high serendipity factor, by opening a new frequency window to astronomy.
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The solar photon pressure provides a viable source of thrust for spacecraft in the solar system. Theoretically it could also enable interstellar missions, but an extremely small mass per cross section area is required to overcome the solar gravity. We identify aerographite, a synthetic carbon-based foam with a density of 0.18 kg/m^3 (15,000 times more lightweight than aluminum) as a versatile material for highly efficient propulsion with sunlight. A hollow aerographite sphere with a shell thickness eps_shl = 1 mm could go interstellar upon submission to the solar radiation in interplanetary space. Upon launch at 1 AU from the Sun, an aerographite shell with eps_shl = 0.5 mm arrives at the orbit of Mars in 60 d and at Plutos orbit in 4.3 yr. Release of an aerographite hollow sphere, whose shell is 1 micrometer thick, at 0.04 AU (the closest approach of the Parker Solar Probe) results in an escape speed of nearly 6900 km/s and 185 yr of travel to the distance of our nearest star, Proxima Centauri. The infrared signature of a meter-sized aerographite sail could be observed with JWST up to 2 AU from the Sun, beyond the orbit of Mars. An aerographite hollow sphere with eps_shl = 100 micrometer and a radius of 1 m (5 m) weighs 230 mg (5.7 g) and has a 2.2 g (55 g) mass margin for interstellar escape. The payload margin is ten times the mass of the spacecraft, whereas the payload on chemical interstellar rockets is typically a thousandth of the weight of the rocket. Simplistic communication would enable studies of the interplanetary medium and a search for the suspected Planet Nine, and would serve as a precursor mission to alpha Centauri. We estimate prototype developments costs of 1 million USD, a price of 1000 USD per sail, and a total of <10 million USD including launch for a piggyback concept with an interplanetary mission.
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