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Register a new userThe H2 velocity structure of inner knots in HH 212: asymmetries and rotation
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High-resolution R~50 000 long-slit spectroscopy of the inner knots of the highly symmetrical protostellar outflow HH 212 was obtained in the 1-0 S(1) line of H2 at 2.12 micron with a spatial resolution of ~0.45 arcsec. At the resulting velocity resolution of ~6 km s-1, multiple slit oriented observations of the northern first knot NK1 clearly show double-peaked line profiles consistent with either a radiative bow shock or dual (forward and reverse) shocks. In contrast, the velocity distribution of the southern first knot SK1 remains single-peaked, suggesting a significantly lower jet velocity and possibly a different density variation in the jet pulses in the southern flow compared to the northern flow. Comparison with a semi-empirical analytical model of bow shock emission allows us to constrain parameters such as the bow inclination to the line of sight, the bow shock and jet velocities for each flow. Although a few features are not reproduced by this model, it confirms the presence of several dynamical and kinematical asymmetries between opposite sides of the HH 212 bipolar jet. The position-velocity diagrams of both knots exhibit complex dynamics that are broadly consistent with emission from a bow shock and/or jet shock, which does not exclude jet rotation, although a clear signature of jet rotation in HH 212 is missing. Alternative interpretations of the variation of radial velocity across these knots, such as a variation in the jet orientation, as well as for the velocity asymmetries between the flows, are also considered. The presence of a correlation between flow velocity and collimation in each flow is suggested.
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Observations of several protostellar jets show systematic differences in radial velocity transverse to the jet propagation direction, which have been interpreted as evidence of rotation in the jets. In this paper we discuss the origin of these velocity shifts, and show that they could be originated by rotation in the flow, or by side to side asymmetries in the shock velocity, which could be due to asymmetries in the jet ejection velocity/density or in the ambient medium. For typical poloidal jet velocities (~ 100-200 km/s), an asymmetry >~ 10% can produce velocity shifts comparable to those observed. We also present three dimensional numerical simulations of rotating, precessing and asymmetric jets, and show that, even though for a given jet there is a clear degeneracy between these effects, a statistical analysis of jets with different inclination angles can help to distinguish between the alternative origins of transverse velocity shifts. Our analysis indicate that side to side velocities asymmetries could represent an important contribution to transverse velocity shifts, being the most important contributor for large jet inclination angles (with respect the the plane of the sky), and can not be neglected when interpreting the observations.
We present Spitzer (IRAC) images observations and a VLT 2.1micron image of the HH 212 outflow. We find that this outflow has a strong symmetry, with jet/counterjet knot pairs with Delta x less than 1 arcsec position offsets. We deduce that the jet/counterjet knots are ejected with time differences Delta tau_0 approx. 6 yr and velocity differences Delta v_0~ 2 km/s. We also analyze the deviations of the knot positions perpendicular to the outflow axis, and interpret them in terms of a binary orbital motion of the outflow source. Through this model, we deduce a ~0.7M_solar mass for the outflow source, and a separation of ~80 AU between the components of the binary (assuming equal masses for the two components). Finally, using the IRAC data and the VLT 2.1micron image we have measured the proper motion velocities, obtaining values from 50 to 170km/s.
(Sub)millimeter dust opacities are required for converting the observable dust continuum emission to the mass, but their values have long been uncertain, especially in disks around young stellar objects. We propose a method to constrain the opacity $kappa_ u$ in edge-on disks from a characteristic optical depth $tau_{0, u}$, the density $rho_0$ and radius $R_0$ at the disk outer edge through $kappa_ u=tau_{0, u}/(rho_0 R_0)$ where $tau_{0, u}$ is inferred from the shape of the observed flux along the major axis, $rho_0$ from gravitational stability considerations, and $R_0$ from direct imaging. We applied the 1D semi-analytical model to the embedded, Class 0, HH 212 disk, which has high-resolution data in ALMA Band 9, 7, 6, and 3 and VLA Ka band ($lambda$=0.43, 0.85, 1.3, 2.9, and 9.1 mm). The modeling of the HH 212 disk is extended to 2D through RADMC-3D radiative transfer calculations. We find a dust opacity of $kappa_ u approx $ $1.9times 10^{-2}$, $1.3times 10^{-2}$, and $4.9times 10^{-3}$ cm$^2$ per gram of gas and dust for ALMA Bands 7, 6, and 3, respectively with uncertainties dependent on the adopted stellar mass. The inferred opacities lend support to the widely used prescription $kappa_lambda=2.3times 10^{-2} (1.3 {rm mm}/lambda)$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$ advocated by Beckwith et al. (1990). We inferred a temperature of ~45K at the disk outer edge which increases radially inward. It is well above the sublimation temperatures of ices such as CO and N$_2$, which supports the notion that the disk chemistry cannot be completely inherited from the protostellar envelope.
Studying the physical conditions structuring the young circumstellar disks is required for understanding the onset of planet formation. Of particular interest is the protoplanetary disk surrounding the Herbig star MWC480. The structure and properties of the circumstellar disk of MWC480 are studied by infrared interferometry and interpreted from a modeling approach. New observations are driving this study, in particular some recent Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI)/MIDI data acquired in December 2013. Our one-component disk model could not reproduce simultaneously all our data: the Spectral Energy Distribution, the near-infrared Keck Interferometer data and the mid-infrared data obtained with the MIDI instrument. In order to explain all measurements, one possibility is to add an asymmetry in our one-component disk model with the assumption that the structure of the disk of MWC480 has not varied with time. Several scenarios are tested, and the one considering the presence of an azimuthal bright feature in the inner component of the disk model provides a better fit of the data. (In this study, we assumed that the size of the outer disk of MWC480 to be 20 au since most of the near and mid-IR emissions come from below 20 au. In our previous study (Jamialahmadi et al. 2015), we adopted an outer radius of 80 au, which is consistent with the value found by previous studies based on mm observations).
We present long-slit spectroscopic observations of the HH 110 jet obtained with the 4.2~m William Herschel Telescope. We have obtained for the first time, spectra for slit positions along and across the jet axis (at the position of knots B, C, I, J and P) to search for the observational signatures of entrainment and turbulence by studying the kinematics and the excitation structure. We find that the HH 110 flow accelerates from a velocity of 35 km/s in knot A up to 110 km/s in knot P. We find some systematic trends for the variation of the emission line ratios along the jet. No clear trends for the variation of the radial velocity are seen across the width of the jet beam. The cross sections of the jet show complex radial velocity and line emission structures which differ quite strongly from each other.
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