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Register a new userA Metric and Optimisation Scheme for Microlens Planet Searches
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OGLE III and MOA II are discovering 600-1000 Galactic Bulge microlens events each year. This stretches the resources available for intensive follow-up monitoring of the lightcurves in search of anomalies caused by planets near the lens stars. We advocate optimizing microlens planet searches by using an automatic prioritization algorithm based on the planet detection zone area probed by each new data point. This optimization scheme takes account of the telescope and detector characteristics, observing overheads, sky conditions, and the time available for observing on each night. The predicted brightness and magnification of each microlens target is estimated by fitting to available data points. The optimisation scheme then yields a decision on which targets to observe and which to skip, and a recommended exposure time for each target, designed to maximize the planet detection capability of the observations. The optimal strategy maximizes detection of planet anomalies, and must be coupled with rapid data reduction to trigger continuous follow-up of anomalies that are thereby found. A web interface makes the scheme available for use by human or robotic observers at any telescope. We also outline a possible self-organising scheme that may be suitable for coordination of microlens observations by a heterogeneous telescope network.
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We report the discovery and the analysis of the short (tE < 5 days) planetary microlensing event, OGLE-2015-BLG-1771. The event was discovered by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), and the planetary anomaly (at I ~ 19) was captured by The Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet). The event has three surviving planetary models that explain the observed light curves, with planet-host mass ratio q ~ 5.4 * 10^{-3}, 4.5 * 10^{-3} and 4.5 * 10^{-2}, respectively. The first model is the best-fit model, while the second model is disfavored by Deltachi^2 ~ 3. The last model is strongly disfavored by Deltachi^2 ~ 15 but not ruled out. A Bayesian analysis using a Galactic model indicates that the first two models are probably composed of a Saturn-mass planet orbiting a late M dwarf, while the third one could consist of a super-Jovian planet and a mid-mass brown dwarf. The source-lens relative proper motion is mu_rel ~ 9 mas/yr, so the source and lens could be resolved by current adaptive-optics (AO) instruments in 2021 if the lens is luminous.
At $q=1.81pm 0.20 times 10^{-5}$, KMT-2018-BLG-0029Lb has the lowest planet-host mass ratio $q$ of any microlensing planet to date by more than a factor of two. Hence, it is the first planet that probes below the apparent pile-up at $q=5$--10 $times 10^{-5}$. The event was observed by {it Spitzer}, yielding a microlens-parallax $pi_{rm E}$ measurement. Combined with a measurement of the Einstein radius $theta_{rm E}$ from finite-source effects during the caustic crossings, these measurements imply masses of the host $M_{rm host}=1.14^{+0.10}_{-0.12}, M_odot$ and planet $M_{rm planet} = 7.59^{+0.75}_{-0.69},M_oplus$, system distance $D_L = 3.38^{+0.22}_{-0.26},,{rm kpc}$ and projected separation $a_perp = 4.27^{+0.21}_{-0.23},{rm au}$. The blended light, which is substantially brighter than the microlensed source, is plausibly due to the lens and could be observed at high resolution immediately.
We report the discovery of a giant planet in the KMT-2016-BLG-1397 microlensing event, which was found by The Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) alone. The time scale of this event is t_E = 40.0 +- 0.5 days and the mass ratio between the lens star and its companion is q = 0.016 +- 0.002. The planetary perturbation in the light curve is a smooth bump, resulting in the classical binary-lens/binary-source (2L1S/1L2S) degeneracy. We measure the V - I color of the (putative) two sources in the 1L2S model, and then effectively rule out the binary source solution. The finite-source effect is marginally detected. Combined with the limits on the blend flux and the probability distribution of the source size normalized by the Einstein radius rho, a Bayesian analysis yields the lens mass M_L = 0.45+0.33-0.28 M_sun, at distance of D_L = 6.60+1.10-1.30 kpc. Thus the companion is a super-Jupiter of a mass m_p = 7.0+5.2-4.3 M_J , at a projected separation r = 5.1+1.5-1.7 AU, indicating that the planet is well beyond the snow line of the host star.
We report the discovery of KMT-2018-BLG-1292Lb, a super-Jovian $M_{rm planet} = 4.5pm 1.3,M_J$ planet orbiting an F or G dwarf $M_{rm host} = 1.5pm 0.4,M_odot$, which lies physically within ${cal O}(10,pc)$ of the Galactic plane. The source star is a heavily extincted $A_Isim 5.2$ luminous giant that has the lowest Galactic latitude, $b=-0.28^circ$, of any planetary microlensing event. The relatively blue blended light is almost certainly either the host or its binary companion, with the first explanation being substantially more likely. This blend dominates the light at $I$ band and completely dominates at $R$ and $V$ bands. Hence, the lens system can be probed by follow-up observations immediately, i.e., long before the lens system and the source separate due to their relative proper motion. The system is well characterized despite the low cadence $Gamma=0.15$--$0.20,{rm hr^{-1}}$ of observations and short viewing windows near the end of the bulge season. This suggests that optical microlensing planet searches can be extended to the Galactic plane at relatively modest cost.
Several chemical networks have been developed to study warm (exo)planetary atmospheres. The kinetics of the reactions related to the methanol chemistry included in these schemes have been questioned. The goal of this paper is to update the methanol chemistry for such chemical networks thanks to recent publications in the combustion literature. We aim also at studying the consequences of this update on the atmospheric compositions of (exo)planetary atmospheres and brown dwarfs. We have performed an extensive review of combustion experimental studies and revisited the sub-mechanism describing methanol combustion in the scheme of Venot et al. (2012, A&A 624, A58). The updated scheme involves 108 species linked by a total of 1906 reactions. We have then applied our 1D kinetic model with this new scheme to several case studies (HD 209458b, HD 189733b, GJ 436b, GJ 1214b, ULAS J1335+11, Uranus, Neptune), and compared the results obtained with those obtained with the former scheme. The update of the scheme has a negligible impact on hot Jupiters atmospheres. However, the atmospheric composition of warm Neptunes and brown dwarfs is modified sufficiently to impact observational spectra in the wavelength range JWST will operate. Concerning Uranus and Neptune, the update of the chemical scheme modifies the abundance of CO and thus impacts the deep oxygen abundance required to reproduce the observational data. For future 3D kinetics models, we also derived a reduced scheme containing 44 species and 582 reactions. Chemical schemes should be regularly updated in order to maintain a high level of reliability on the results of kinetic models and be able to improve our knowledge on planetary formation.
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