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Register a new userCovariant Anomalies, Horizons and Hawking Radiation
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Rabin Banerjee
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Hawking radiation is obtained from anomalies resulting from a breaking of diffeomorphism symmetry near the event horizon of a black hole. Such anomalies, manifested as a nonconservation of the energy momentum tensor, occur in two different forms -- covariant and consistent. The crucial role of covariant anomalies near the horizon is revealed since this is the {it only} input required to obtain the Hawking flux, thereby highlighting the universality of this effect. A brief description to apply this method to obtain thermodynamic entities like entropy or temperature is provided.
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We comment on the consistence of the epsilon anti-symmetric tensor adopted in [R. Banerjee and S. Kulkarni, arXiv:0707.2449] when it is generalized in the general case where $sqrt{-g} eq 1$. It is pointed out that the correct non-minimal consistent gauge and gravitational anomalies should by multiplied a factor $sqrt{-g} eq 1$. We also sketch the generalization of their work to the $sqrt{-g} eq 1$ case.
Hawking radiation is obtained from the Reissner-Nordstr{o}m blackhole with a global monopole and the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger blackhole falling in the class of the most general spherically symmetric blackholes $(sqrt{-g} eq1)$, using only chiral anomaly near the event horizon and covariant boundary condition at the event horizon. The approach differs from the anomaly cancellation approach since apart from the covariant boundary condition, the chiral anomaly near the horizon is the only input to derive the Hawking flux.
Motivated by the success of the recently proposed method of anomaly cancellation to derive Hawking fluxes from black hole horizons of spacetimes in various dimensions, we have further extended the covariant anomaly cancellation method shortly simplified by Banerjee and Kulkarni to explore the Hawking radiation of the (3+1)-dimensional charged rotating black strings and their higher dimensional extensions in anti-de Sitter spacetimes, whose horizons are not spherical but can be toroidal, cylindrical or planar, according to their global identifications. It should be emphasized that our analysis presented here is very general in the sense that the determinant of the reduced (1+1)-dimensional effective metric from these black strings need not be equal to one $(sqrt{-g} eq 1)$. Our results indicate that the gauge and energy momentum fluxes needed to cancel the (1+1)-dimensional covariant gauge and gravitational anomalies are compatible with the Hawking fluxes. Besides, thermodynamics of these black strings are studied in the case of a variable cosmological constant.
The basic characteristics of the covariant chiral current $<J_{mu}>$ and the covariant chiral energy-momentum tensor $<T_{mu u}>$ are obtained from a chiral effective action. These results are used to justify the covariant boundary condition used in recent approaches cite{Isowilczek,Isoumtwilczek,shailesh,shailesh2,Banerjee} of computing the Hawking flux from chiral gauge and gravitational anomalies. We also discuss a connection of our results with the conventional calculation of nonchiral currents and stress tensors in different (Unruh, Hartle-Hawking and Boulware) states.
Recently, the relation between Hawking radiation and gravitational anomalies has been used to estimate the flux of Hawking radiation for a large class of black objects. In this paper, we extend the formalism, originally proposed by Robinson and Wilczek, to the Hawking radiation of vector particles (photons). It is explicitly shown, with Hamiltonian formalism, that the theory of an electromagnetic field on d-dimensional spherical black holes reduces to one of an infinite number of massive complex scalar fields on 2-dimensional spacetime, for which the usual anomaly-cancellation method is available. It is found that the total energy emitted from the horizon for the electromagnetic field is just (d-2) times as that for a scalar field. The results support the picture that Hawking radiation can be regarded as an anomaly eliminator on horizons. Possible extensions and applications of the analysis are discussed.
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