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Register a new userMacro- and Microscopic Self-Similarity in Neuro- and Psycho-Dynamics
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The unique Hamiltonian description of neuro- and psycho-dynamics at the macroscopic, classical, inter-neuronal level of brains neural networks, and microscopic, quantum, intra-neuronal level of brains microtubules, is presented in the form of open Liouville equations. This implies the arrow of time in both neuro- and psycho-dynamic processes and shows the existence of the formal neuro-biological space-time self-similarity. Keywords: Neuro- and psycho-dynamics, Brain microtubules, Hamiltonian and Liouville dynamics, Neuro-biological self-similarity
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Zinc, a suspected potentiator of learning and memory, is shown to affect exocytotic release and storage in neurotransmitter-containing vesicles. Structural and size analysis of the vesicular dense core and halo using transmission electron microscopy was combined with single-cell amperometry to study the vesicle size changes induced after zinc treatment and to compare these changes to theoretical predictions based on the concept of partial release as opposed to full quantal release. This powerful combined analytical approach establishes the existence of an unsuspected strong link between vesicle structure and exocytotic dynamics which can be used to explain the mechanism of regulation of synaptic plasticity by Zn 2+ through modulation of neurotransmitter release.
Big imaging data is becoming more prominent in brain sciences across spatiotemporal scales and phylogenies. We have developed a computational ecosystem that enables storage, visualization, and analysis of these data in the cloud, thusfar spanning 20+ publications and 100+ terabytes including nanoscale ultrastructure, microscale synaptogenetic diversity, and mesoscale whole brain connectivity, making NeuroData the largest and most diverse open repository of brain data.
Signaling pathways serve to communicate information about extracellular conditions into the cell, to both the nucleus and cytoplasmic processes to control cell responses. Genetic mutations in signaling network components are frequently associated with cancer and can result in cells acquiring an ability to divide and grow uncontrollably. Because signaling pathways play such a significant role in cancer initiation and advancement, their constituent proteins are attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss how signaling pathway modeling can assist with identifying effective drugs for treating diseases, such as cancer. An achievement that would facilitate the use of such models is their ability to identify controlling biochemical parameters in signaling pathways, such as molecular abundances and chemical reaction rates, because this would help determine effective points of attack by therapeutics.
The complex dynamics of intracellular calcium regulates cellular responses to information encoded in extracellular signals. Here, we study the encoding of these external signals in the context of the Li-Rinzel model. We show that by control of biophysical parameters the information can be encoded in amplitude modulation, frequency modulation or mixed (AM and FM) modulation. We briefly discuss the possible implications of this new role of information encoding for astrocytes.
Many cells use calcium signalling to carry information from the extracellular side of the plasma membrane to targets in their interior. Since virtually all cells employ a network of biochemical reactions for Ca2+ signalling, much effort has been devoted to understand the functional role of Ca2+ responses and to decipher how their complex dynamics is regulated by the biochemical network of Ca2+-related signal transduction pathways. Experimental observations show that Ca2+ signals in response to external stimuli encode information via frequency modulation or alternatively via amplitude modulation. Although minimal models can capture separately both types of dynamics, they fail to exhibit different and more advanced encoding modes. By arguments of bifurcation theory, we propose instead that under some biophysical conditions more complex modes of information encoding can also be manifested by minimal models. We consider the minimal model of Li and Rinzel and show that information encoding can occur by amplitude modulation (AM) of Ca2+ oscillations, by frequency modulation (FM) or by both modes (AFM). Our work is motivated by calcium signalling in astrocytes, the predominant type of cortical glial cells that is nowadays recognized to play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal activity and information processing of the brain. We explain that our results can be crucial for a better understanding of synaptic information transfer. Furthermore, our results might also be important for better insight on other examples of physiological processes regulated by Ca2+ signalling.
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