No Arabic abstract
We prove that, when linearized, the governing equations of an incompressible elastic continuum yield Maxwells equations as corollaries. Through judicious distinction between the referential and local descriptions, the principle of material invariance is established and shown to be a true covariance principle, unlike the Lorentz covariance, which is valid only for non-deforming frames in rectilinear relative motion. Thus, this paper establishes that electrodynamics can be fully explained if one assumes that it is the manifestation of the internal forces of an underlying elastic material which we term the metacontinuum. The new frame-indifferent formulation of electrodynamics is shown to incorporate the Lorentz force as an integral part of Faradays law, rather than as an additional empirical variable. Respectively, if the upper-convected derivative is added in Maxwells displacement current it can explain Biot-Savarts and Oersted-Amperes laws. An immediate corollary of the material invariance is the Galilean invariance of the model. The possible detection of the absolute continuum is also discussed. First, the famous experiment of Ives and Stilwell is reexamined with a modified Bohr-Rydberg formula for the emitted frequencies from a moving atom, and it is shown that the results are fully compatible with the presence of an absolute medium. Second, a new interferometry experiment is proposed in which the first-order Doppler effect can be measured, and thus the presence of a medium at rest can be unequivocally established.
The notion coexistence of quantum observables was introduced to describe the possibility of measuring two or more observables together. Here we survey the various different formalisations of this notion and their connections. We review examples illustrating the necessary degrees of unsharpness for two noncommuting observables to be jointly measurable (in one sense of the phrase). We demonstrate the possibility of measuring together (in another sense of the phrase) noncoexistent observables. This leads us to a reconsideration of the connection between joint measurability and noncommutativity of observables and of the statistical and individual aspects of quantum measurements.
Can a simple microscopic model of space and time demonstrate Special Relativity as the macroscopic (aggregate) behavior of an ensemble ? The question will be investigated in three parts. First, it is shown that the Lorentz transformation formally stems from the First Relativity Postulate (FRP) {it alone} if space-time quantization is a fundamental law of physics which must be included as part of the Postulate. An important corollary, however, is that when measuring devices which carry the basic units of lengths and time (e.g. a clock ticking every time quantum) are `moving uniformly, they appear to be measuring with larger units. Secondly, such an apparent increase in the sizes of the quanta can be attributed to extra fluctuations associated with motion, which are precisely described in terms of a thermally agitated harmonic oscillator by using a temperature parameter. This provides a stringent constraint on the microscopic properties of flat space-time: it is an array of quantized oscillators. Thirdly, since the foregoing development would suggest that the space-time array of an accelerated frame cannot be in thermal equilibrium, (i.e. it will have a distribution of temperatures), the approach is applied to the case of acceleration by the field of {it any} point object, which corresponds to a temperature `spike in the array. It is shown that the outward transport of energy by phonon conduction implies an inverse-square law of force at low speeds, and the full Schwarzschild metric at high speeds. A prediction of the new theory is that when two inertial observers move too fast relative to each other, or when fields are too strong, anharmonic corrections will modify effects like time dilation, and will lead to asymmetries which implies that the FRP may not be sustainable in this extreme limit.
This paper contains results obtained as solutions of the Unified Field Theory equations. It yields space nonlinear oscillations, a quartet of gravitational forces, quintessence, and replaces Einsteins Cosmological Constant by an invariant parameter $r_0$ which prevails over the entire evolution of the Universe.
We show that the main difference between classical and quantum systems can be understood in terms of information entropy. Classical systems can be considered the ones where the internal dynamics can be known with arbitrary precision while quantum systems can be considered the ones where the internal dynamics cannot be accessed at all. As information entropy can be used to characterize how much the state of the whole system identifies the state of its parts, classical systems can have arbitrarily small information entropy while quantum systems cannot. This provides insights that allow us to understand the analogies and differences between the two theories.
Within the framework of fractional calculus with variable order the evolution of space in the adiabatic limit is investigated. Based on the Caputo definition of a fractional derivative using the fractional quantum harmonic oscillator a model is presented, which describes space generation as a dynamic process, where the dimension $d$ of space evolves smoothly with time in the range 0 <= d(t) <=3, where the lower and upper boundaries of dimension are derived from first principles. It is demonstrated, that a minimum threshold for the space dimension is necessary to establish an interaction with external probe particles. A possible application in cosmology is suggested.