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We study Kauffmans model of folded ribbon knots: knots made of a thin strip of paper folded flat in the plane. The folded ribbonlength is the length to width ratio of such a ribbon knot. We give upper bounds on the folded ribbonlength of 2-bridge, $(2,p)$ torus, twist, and pretzel knots, and these upper bounds turn out to be linear in crossing number. We give a new way to fold $(p,q)$ torus knots, and show that their folded ribbonlength is bounded above by $p+q$. This means, for example, that the trefoil knot can be constructed with a folded ribbonlength of 5. We then show that any $(p,q)$ torus knot $K$ has a constant $c>0$, such that the folded ribbonlength is bounded above by $ccdot Cr(K)^{1/2}$, providing an example of an upper bound on folded ribbonlength that is sub-linear in crossing number.
Conway-normalized Alexander polynomial of ribbon knots depend only on their ribbon diagrams. Here ribbon diagram means a ribbon spanning the ribbon knot marked with the information of singularities. We further give an algorithm to calculate Alexander
The fusion number of a ribbon knot is the minimal number of 1-handles needed to construct a ribbon disk. The strong homotopy fusion number of a ribbon knot is the minimal number of 2-handles in a handle decomposition of a ribbon disk complement. We d
We prove that a crossing change along a double point circle on a 2-knot is realized by ribbon-moves for a knotted torus obtained from the 2-knot by attaching a 1-handle. It follows that any 2-knots for which the crossing change is an unknotting opera
We study 4-dimensional homology cobordisms without 3-handles, showing that they interact nicely with Thurston geometries, character varieties, and instanton and Heegaard Floer homologies. Using these, we derive obstructions to such cobordisms, with topological applications.
Folded linear molecular chains are ubiquitous in biology. Folding is mediated by intra-chain interactions that glue two or more regions of a chain. The resulting fold topology is widely believed to be a determinant of biomolecular properties and func