Genealogies and inference for populations with highly skewed offspring distributions

We review recent progress in the understanding of the role of multiple- and simultaneous multiple merger coalescents as models for the genealogy in idealised and real populations with exceptional reproductive behaviour. In particular, we discuss models with `skewed offspring distribution (or under other non-classical evolutionary forces) which lead in the single locus haploid case to multiple merger coalescents, and in the multi-locus diploid case to simultaneous multiple merger coalescents. Further, we discuss inference methods under the infinitely-many sites model which allow both model selection and estimation of model parameters under these coalescents.