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In this article, the framework and architecture of Subsurface Camera (SAMERA) is envisioned and described for the first time. A SAMERA is a geophysical sensor network that senses and processes geophysical sensor signals, and computes a 3D subsurface image in-situ in real-time. The basic mechanism is: geophysical waves propagating/reflected/refracted through subsurface enter a network of geophysical sensors, where a 2D or 3D image is computed and recorded; a control software may be connected to this network to allow view of the 2D/3D image and adjustment of settings such as resolution, filter, regularization and other algorithm parameters. System prototypes based on seismic imaging have been designed. SAMERA technology is envisioned as a game changer to transform many subsurface survey and monitoring applications, including oil/gas exploration and production, subsurface infrastructures and homeland security, wastewater and CO2 sequestration, earthquake and volcano hazard monitoring. The system prototypes for seismic imaging have been built. Creating SAMERA requires an interdisciplinary collaboration and transformation of sensor networks, signal processing, distributed computing, and geophysical imaging.
Sensitivity analysis plays an important role in searching for constitutive parameters (e.g. permeability) subsurface flow simulations. The mathematics behind is to solve a dynamic constrained optimization problem. Traditional methods like finite diff
Many major oceanographic internal wave observational programs of the last 4 decades are reanalyzed in order to characterize variability of the deep ocean internal wavefield. The observations are discussed in the context of the universal spectral mode
The quantitative analyses of karst spring discharge typically rely on physical-based models, which are inherently uncertain. To improve the understanding of the mechanism of spring discharge fluctuation and the relationship between precipitation and
The mechanical properties of single fibres are highly important in the paper production process to produce and adjust properties for the favoured fields of application. The description of mechanical properties is usually characterised via linearized
In this work, we propose using camera arrays coupled with coherent illumination as an effective method of improving spatial resolution in long distance images by a factor of ten and beyond. Recent advances in ptychography have demonstrated that one c