ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
From the perspective developed in this paper, it can be argued that exponential population growth resulted in the exponential decrease of the life-span of consecutive stable periods during the life-span of the European international system (1480-1945). However, it becomes evident as well that population growth as such is not a sufficient condition to generate a punctuated equilibrium dynamic in the war dynamics of the international system: other conditions and factors - and their interplay - contribute to this typical dynamic as well. From 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), the conditions of international system differed fundamentally from the conditions of the European international system during the period 1480-1945. It can be argued, that sooner or later a punctuated equilibrium war dynamic will resume.
Various self-organized characteristics of the international system can be identified with the help of a complexity science perspective. The perspective discussed in this article is based on various complexity science concepts and theories, and concep
The assumption that complex systems function optimally at the edge of chaos seems applicable to the international system as well. In this paper I argue that the normal chaotic war dynamic of the European international system (1495-1945) was temporari
The risk of systemic war seems dependant on the level of criticality and sensitivity of the International System, and the systems conditions. The level of criticality and sensitivity is dependant on the developmental stage of the International System
We investigate numerically the clustering behavior of a system of phase oscillators with positive and negative couplings under a periodic external driving field with a bimodal distribution of driving phases. The phase distribution and the mean speed
The International System develops according to a clear logic: By means of systemic wars organisational innovations are periodically introduced, contributing to a process of social expansion and integration, and to wealth creation. A finite-time singu