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تسجيل مستخدم جديدAn HI survey of six Local Group analogs: I. Survey description and the search for high-velocity clouds
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We have conducted an HI 21 cm emission-line survey using the Parkes 20cm multibeam instrument and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) of six loose groups of galaxies chosen to be analogs to the Local Group. The goal of this survey is to make a census of the HI-rich galaxies and high-velocity clouds (HVCs) within these groups and compare these populations with those in the Local Group. The Parkes observations covered the entire volume of each group with a rms M(HI) sensitivity of 4-10x10^5 M(sun) per 3.3 km/s channel. All potential sources detected in the Parkes data were confirmed with ATCA observations at ~2 resolution and the same M(sun) sensitivity. All the confirmed sources have associated stellar counterparts; no starless HI clouds--HVC analogs--were found in the six groups. In this paper, we present a description of the survey parameters, its sensitivity and completeness. Using the population of compact HVCs (CHVCs) around the Milky Way as a template coupled with the detailed knowledge of our survey parameters, we infer that our non-detection of CHVC analogs implies that, if similar populations exist in the six groups studied, the CHVCs must be clustered within 90 kpc of group galaxies, with average M(HI) < 4x10^5 M(sun) at the 95% confidence level. The corollary is that the same must apply to Milky Way CHVCs. This is consistent with our previous results from a smaller sample of groups, and in accordance with recent observational and theoretical constraints from other authors. These results confirm that there is very little neutral matter around galaxies, and that any substantial reservoir of baryons must be in other phases.
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We have conducted an HI 21 cm emission-line survey of six loose groups of galaxies chosen to be analogs to the Local Group. The survey was conducted using the Parkes Multibeam instrument and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) over a ~1 Mpc^
2 area and covering the full depth of each group, with a M(HI) sensitivity of ~7x10^5 M(sun). Our survey detected 110 sources, 61 of which are associated with the six groups. All of these sources were confirmed with ATCA observations or were previously cataloged by HIPASS. The sources all have optical counterparts and properties consistent with dwarf irregular or late-type spiral galaxies. We present here the HI properties of the groups and their galaxies. We derive an HI mass function for the groups that is consistent with being flatter than the equivalent field HIMF. We also derive a circular velocity distribution function, tracing the luminous dark matter halos in the groups, that is consistent with those of the Local Group and HIPASS galaxies, both of which are shallower than that of clusters or predictions from CDM models of galaxy formation.
High-velocity clouds (HVCs) are clouds of HI seen around the Milky Way with velocities inconsistent with Galactic rotation, have unknown distances and masses and controversial origins. One possibility is that HVCs are associated with the small dark m
atter halos seen in models of galaxy formation and distributed at distances of 150 kpc - 1 Mpc. We report on our attempts to detect the analogs to such putative extragalactic clouds in three groups of galaxies similar to our own Local Group using the ATNF Parkes telescope and Compact Array. Eleven dwarf galaxies were found, but no HI clouds lacking stars were detected. Using the population of compact HVCs around the Milky Way as a template, we find that our non-detection of analogs implies that they must be clustered within 160 kpc of the Milky Way (and other galaxies) with an average HI mass <4x10^5 M(sun) at the 95% confidence level. This is in accordance with recent limits derived by other authors. If our groups are true analogs to the Local Group, then this makes the original Blitz et al. and Braun & Burton picture of HVCs residing out to 1 Mpc from the Milky Way extremely unlikely. The total HI mass in HVCs, < 10^8 M(sun), implies that there is not a large reservoir of neutral hydrogen waiting to be accreted onto the Milky Way. Any substantial reservoir of baryonic matter must be mostly ionized or condensed enough as to be undetectable.
We describe an automated search through the Leiden/Dwingeloo HI Survey (LDS) for high-velocity clouds north of Dec=-28 deg. From the general catalog we extract a sample of isolated high-velocity clouds, CHVCs: anomalous-velocity HI clouds which are s
harply bounded in angular extent with no kinematic or spatial connection to other HI features down to a limiting column density of 1.5*10^18cm^-2. This column density is an order of magnitude lower than the critical HI column density, about 2*10^19cm^-2, where the ionized fraction is thought to increase dramatically due to the extragalactic radiation field. As such, these objects are likely to provide their own shielding to ionizing radiation. Their small median angular size, of about 1 deg. FWHM, might then imply substantial distances, since the partially ionized HI skin in a power-law ionizing photon field has a typical exponential scale-length of 1 kpc. The automated search algorithm has been applied to the HIPASS and to the Leiden/Dwingeloo data sets. The results from the LDS are described here; Putman et al. (2002) describe application of this algorithm to the HIPASS material. We identify 67 CHVCs in the LDS which satisfy stringent requirements on isolation, and an additional 49 objects which satisfy somewhat less stringent requirements. Independent confirmation is available for all of these objects, either from earlier data in the literature or from new observations made with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and reported here. The catalog includes 54 of the 65 CHVCs listed by Braun and Burton (1999) on the basis of a visual search of the LDS data.
A set of HI sources extracted from the north Galactic polar region by the ongoing ALFALFA survey has properties that are consistent with the interpretation that they are associated with isolated minihalos in the outskirts of the Local Group (LG). Unl
ike objects detected by previous surveys, such as the Compact High Velocity Clouds of Braun & Burton (1999), the HI clouds found by ALFALFA do not violate any structural requirements or halo scaling laws of the LambdaCDM structure paradigm, nor would they have been detected by extant HI surveys of nearby galaxy groups other than the LG. At a distance of d Mpc, their HI masses range between $5 x 10^4 d^2 and 10^6 d^2 solar and their HI radii between <0.4d and 1.6 d kpc. If they are parts of gravitationally bound halos, the total masses would be on order of 10^8--10^9 solar, their baryonic content would be signifcantly smaller than the cosmic fraction of 0.16 and present in a ionized gas phase of mass well exceeding that of the neutral phase. This study does not however prove that the minihalo interpretation is unique. Among possible alternatives would be that the clouds are shreds of the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream.
Motivated by the apparent order-of-magnitude discrepancy between the observed number of Local Group satellite galaxies, and that predicted by Lambda-CDM hierarchical clustering cosmologies, we explore an alternate suggestion - perhaps the missing sat
ellites are not actually ``missing, but are instead ``in disguise. The disguise we consider here is that of the classical HI High-Velocity Clouds. Is it possible that what have been thought of traditionally as a ``Galactic phenomenon, are actually the building blocks of the Local Group? We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this hypothesis, and highlight avenues of future research which may provide an unequivocal resolution to this contentious issue.
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