Sunspots contain multiple small-scale structures in the umbra and in the penumbra. Despite extensive research on this subject in pre-Hinode era multiple questions concerning fine-scale structures of sunspots, their formation, evolution and decay remained open. Several of those questions were proposed to be pursued by Hinode (SOT). Here we review some of the achievements on understanding sunspot structure by Hinode in its first 10 years of successful operation. After giving a brief summary and updates on the most recent understanding of sunspot structures, and describing contributions of Hinode to that, we also discuss future directions. This is a section (#7.1) of a long review article on the achievements of Hinode in the first 10 years.
تحميل البحث