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We investigate systematic errors associated with a common modulation technique used for phase sensitive detection of a coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance. In particular, we show that modification of the CPT resonance lineshape due to the presence of off-resonant fields leads to frequency shifts which may limit the stability of CPT-based atomic clocks. We also demonstrate that an alternative demodulation technique greatly reduces these effects.
Extra-laboratory atomic clocks are necessary for a wide array of applications (e.g. satellite-based navigation and communication). Building upon existing vapor cell and laser technologies, we describe an optical atomic clock, designed around a simple
The coherent population trapping (CPT) atomic clock is very promising for use in next-generation spaceborne applications owing to its compactness and high performance. In this paper, we propose and implement a CPT atomic clock based on the direct mod
We report modulation transfer spectroscopy on the D2 transitions in 85Rb and 87Rb using a simple home-built electro-optic modulator (EOM). We show that both the gradient and amplitude of modulation transfer spectroscopy signals, for the 87Rb F=2 to F
A general mechanism for the generation of frequency combs referenced to atomic resonances is put forward. The mechanism is based on the periodic phase control of a quantum systems dipole response. We develop an analytic description of the comb spectr
The sensitivity of an atomic interferometer increases when the phase evolution of its quantum superposition state is measured over a longer interrogation interval. In practice, a limit is set by the measurement process, which returns not the phase, b