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تسجيل مستخدم جديدConcentration of electric dipole strength below the neutron separation energy in N = 82 nuclei
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The semi-magic nuclei Ba-138, Ce-140, and Sm-144 have been investigated in photon scattering experiments up to an excitation energy of about 10 MeV. The distribution of the electric dipole strength shows a resonance like structure at energies between 5.5 and 8 MeV exhausting up to 1% of the isovector E1 Energy Weighted Sum Rule.
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A systematic study of neutron-hole strength in the N = 81 nuclei 137Ba, 139Ce, 141Nd and 143Sm is reported. The single-neutron removal reactions (p,d) and (3He,4He) were measured at energies of 23 and 34 MeV, respectively. Spectroscopic factors were
extracted from measured cross sections through a distorted-wave Born approximation analysis and centroids of single-particle strength have been established. The change in these centroid energies as a function of proton number have been compared to calculations of the monopole shift for the s1/2 and h11/2 orbitals, where the majority of the strength has been observed. Significant fragmentation of strength was observed for the d and g7/2 orbitals, particularly for the latter orbital which is deeply bound, with summed strengths that indicate a significant amount lies outside of the measured excitation energy range.
Inelastic proton scattering experiments were performed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka, with a 295 MeV beam covering laboratory angles 0{deg}-6{deg} and excitation energies 6-22 MeV. Cross sections due to E1 and M1 excitations were
extracted with a multipole decomposition analysis and then converted to reduced transition probabilities with the virtual photon method for E1 and the unit cross section method for M1 excitations, respectively. Including a theory-aided correction for the high excitation energy region not covered experimentally, the electric dipole polarizability was determined from the E1 strength distributions. Total photoabsorption cross sections derived from the E1 and M1 strength distributions show significant differences compared to those from previous ($gamma$,xn) experiments in the energy region of the isocvector giant dipole resonance (IVGDR). The widths of the IVGDR deduced from the present data with a Lorentz parameterization show an approximately constant value of about 4.5 MeV in contrast to the large variations between isotopes observed in previous work. The IVGDR centroid energies are in good correspondence to expectations from systematics of their mass dependence. Furthermore, a study of the dependence of the IVGDR energies on bulk matter properties is presented. The E1 strengths below neutron threshold show fair agreement with results from ($gamma$,$gamma$) experiments on 112,116,120,124Sn in the energy region between 6 and 7 MeV. At higher excitation energies large differences are observed pointing to a different nature of the excited states with small ground state branching ratios. The isovector spin-M1 strengths exhibit a broad distribution between 6 and 12 MeV in all studied nuclei.
Two methods based on bremsstrahlung were applied to the stable even Mo isotopes for the experimental determination of the photon strength function covering the high excitation energy range above 4 MeV with its increasing level density. Photon scatter
ing was used up to the neutron separation energies Sn and data up to the maximum of the isovector giant resonance(GDR) were obtained by photo-activation. After a proper correction for multi-step processes the observed quasi-continuous spectra of scattered photons show a remarkably good match to the photon strengths derived from nuclear photo effect data obtained previously by neutron detection and corrected in absolute scale using the new activation results. The combined data form an excellent basis to derive a shape dependence of the E1 strength in the even Mo isotopes with increasing deviation from the N = 50 neutron shell, i.e. with the impact of quadrupole deformation and triaxiality. The wide energy coverage of the data allows for a stringent assessment of the dipole sum-rule, and a test of a novel parameterization developed previously which is based upon. This parameterization for the electric dipole strength function in nuclei with A>80 deviates significantly from prescriptions generally used previously. In astrophysical network calculations it may help to quantify the role the p-process plays in the cosmic nucleosynthesis. It also has impact on the accurate analysis of neutron capture data of importance for future nuclear energy systems and waste transmutation.
The half-lives of three $beta$ decaying states of $^{131}_{~49}$In$_{82}$ have been measured with the GRIFFIN $gamma$-ray spectrometer at the TRIUMF-ISAC facility to be $T_{1/2}(1/2^-)=328(15)$~ms, $T_{1/2}(9/2^+)=265(8)$~ms, and $T_{1/2}(21/2^+)=323
(55)$~ms, respectively. The first observation of $gamma$-rays following the $beta n$ decay of $^{131}$In into $^{130}$Sn is reported. The $beta$-delayed neutron emission probability is determined to be $P_{1n} = 12(7)%$ for the $21/2^+$ state and $2.3(3)%$ from the combined $1/2^-$ and $9/2^+$ states of $^{131}_{~49}$In$_{82}$ observed in this experiment. A significant expansion of the decay scheme of $^{131}$In, including 17 new excited states and 34 new $gamma$-ray transitions in $^{131}_{~50}$Sn$_{81}$ is also reported. This leads to large changes in the deduced $beta$ branching ratios to some of the low-lying states of $^{131}$Sn compared to previous work with implications for the strength of the first-forbidden $beta$ transitions in the vicinity of doubly-magic $^{132}_{~50}$Sn$_{82}$.
We probe the $N=82$ nuclear shell closure by mass measurements of neutron-rich cadmium isotopes with the ISOLTRAP spectrometer at ISOLDE-CERN. The new mass of $^{132}$Cd offers the first value of the $N=82$, two-neutron shell gap below $Z=50$ and con
firms the phenomenon of mutually enhanced magicity at $^{132}$Sn. Using the recently implemented phase-imaging ion-cyclotron-resonance method, the ordering of the low-lying isomers in $^{129}$Cd and their energies are determined. The new experimental findings are used to test large-scale shell-model, mean-field and beyond-mean-field calculations, as well as the ab initio valence-space in-medium similarity renormalization group.
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