Renormalization constants of vector ($Z_V$) and axial-vector ($Z_A$) currents are determined non-perturbatively in quenched QCD for a renormalization group improved gauge action and a tadpole improved clover quark action using the Schrodinger functional method. Non-perturbative values of $Z_V$ and $Z_A$ turn out to be smaller than the one-loop perturbative values by $O(10%)$ at $a^{-1}approx 1$ GeV. A sizable scaling violation of meson decay constants $f_pi$ and $f_rho$ observed with the one-loop renormalization factors remains even with non-perturbative renormalization.