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We extend to the Horndeski realm the irreversible thermodynamics description of gravity previously studied in first generation scalar-tensor theories. We identify a subclass of Horndeski theories as an out-of--equilibrium state, while general relativity corresponds to an equilibrium state. In this context, we identify an effective heat current, temperature of gravity, and shear viscosity in the space of theories. The identification is accomplished by recasting the field equations as effective Einstein equations with an effective dissipative fluid, with Einstein gravity as the equilibrium state, following Eckarts first-order thermodynamics.
It was found recently that the anisotropies in the homogeneous Bianchi I cosmology considered within the context of a specific Horndeski theory are damped near the initial singularity instead of being amplified. In this work we extend the analysis of
We study the first law of thermodynamics in IR modified Hv{o}rava-Lifshitz spacetime. Based on the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, we obtain the integral formula and the differential formula of the first law of thermodynamics for the Kehagias-Sfetsos bla
Previously, the Einstein equation has been described as an equation of state, general relativity as the equilibrium state of gravity, and $f({cal R})$ gravity as a non-equilibrium one. We apply Eckarts first order thermodynamics to the effective diss
We consider the non-relativistic limit of gravity in four dimensions in the first order formalism. First, we revisit the case of the Einstein-Hilbert action and formally discuss some geometrical configurations in vacuum and in the presence of matter
In this review we consider first order gravity in four dimensions. In particular, we focus our attention in formulations where the fundamental variables are a tetrad $e_a^I$ and a SO(3,1) connection ${omega_{aI}}^J$. We study the most general action