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In the paper, we consider two models in which dark energy is coupled with either dust matter or dark matter, and discuss the conditions that allow more time for structure formation to take place at high redshifts. These models are expected to have a larger age of the universe than that of $Lambda$CDM [universe consists of cold dark matter (CDM) and dark energy (a cosmological constant, $Lambda$)], so it can explain the formation of high redshift gravitationally bound systems which the $Lambda$CDM model cannot interpret. We use the observational Hubble parameter data (OHD) and Hubble parameter obtained from cosmic chronometers method ($H(z)$) in combination with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data to constrain these models. With the best-fitting parameters, we discuss how the age, the deceleration parameter, and the energy density parameters evolve in the new universes, and compare them with that of $Lambda$CDM.
We use the Risaliti & Lusso (2015) compilation of 808 X-ray and UV flux measurements of quasars (QSOs) in the redshift range $0.061 leq z leq 6.28$, alone and in conjuction with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and Hubble parameter [$H(z)$] measurem
We derive constraints on cosmological parameters and tests of dark energy models from the combination of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements with cosmic microwave background (CMB) and Type Ia supernova (SN) data. We take advantage of high-
We investigate the viable exponential $f(R)$ gravity in the metric formalism with $f(R)=-beta R_s (1-e^{-R/R_s})$. The latest sample of the Hubble parameter measurements with 23 data points is used to place bounds on this $f(R)$ model. A joint analys
We use Pantheon Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) apparent magnitude, DES-3yr binned SN Ia apparent magnitude, Hubble parameter, and baryon acoustic oscillation measurements to constrain six spatially flat and non-flat cosmological models. These sets of data
It is shown, from the two independent approaches of McCrea-Milne and of Zeldovich, that one can fully recover the set equations corresponding to the relativistic equations of the expanding universe of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker geometry. Alt