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Lotkas seminal work (A.J. Lotka A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 6 (1920) 410) on certain rhythmic relations is already one hundred years old, but the research activity about pattern formations due to cyclical dominance is more vibrant than ever. It is because non-transitive interactions have paramount role on maintaining biodiversity and adequate human intervention into ecological systems requires deeper understanding of related dynamical processes. In this perspective article we overview different aspects of biodiversity, with focus on how it can be maintained based on mathematical modeling of last years. We also briefly discuss the potential links to evolutionary game models of social systems, and finally, give an overview about potential prospects for future research.
Rock is wrapped by paper, paper is cut by scissors, and scissors are crushed by rock. This simple game is popular among children and adults to decide on trivial disputes that have no obvious winner, but cyclic dominance is also at the heart of predat
Disorder inevitably exists in realistic samples, manifesting itself in various exotic properties for the topological states. In this paper, we summarize and briefly review work completed over the last few years, including our own, regarding recent de
Recently, a variational approach has been introduced for the paradigmatic Kardar--Parisi--Zhang (KPZ) equation. Here we review that approach, together with the functional Taylor expansion that the KPZ nonequilibrium potential (NEP) admits. Such expan
Partial differential equations (PDE) have been widely used to reproduce patterns in nature and to give insight into the mechanism underlying pattern formation. Although many PDE models have been proposed, they rely on the pre-request knowledge of phy
This article provides a focused review of recent findings which demonstrate, in some cases quite counter-intuitively, the existence of bound states with a singularity of the density pattern at the center, while the states are physically meaningful be