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تسجيل مستخدم جديدA family of lacunary recurrences for Lucas Numbers
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We prove an infinite family of lacunary recurrences for the Lucas numbers using combinatorial means.
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Given two variables $s$ and $t$, the associated sequence of Lucas polynomials is defined inductively by ${0}=0$, ${1}=1$, and ${n}=s{n-1}+t{n-2}$ for $nge2$. An integer (e.g., a Catalan number) defined by an expression of the form $prod_i n_i/prod_j
k_j$ has a Lucas analogue obtained by replacing each factor with the corresponding Lucas polynomial. There has been interest in deciding when such expressions, which are a priori only rational functions, are actually polynomials in $s,t$. The approaches so far have been combinatorial. We introduce a powerful algebraic method for answering this question by factoring ${n}=prod_{d|n} P_d(s,t)$, where we call the polynomials $P_d(s,t)$ Lucas atoms. This permits us to show that the Lucas analogues of the Fuss-Catalan and Fuss-Narayana numbers for all irreducible Coxeter groups are polynomials in $s,t$. Using gamma expansions, a technique which has recently become popular in combinatorics and geometry, one can show that the Lucas atoms have a close relationship with cyclotomic polynomials $Phi_d(q)$. Certain results about the $Phi_d(q)$ can then be lifted to Lucas atoms. In particular, one can prove analogues of theorems of Gauss and Lucas, deduce reduction formulas, and evaluate the $P_d(s,t)$ at various specific values of the variables.
We study two types of dynamical extensions of Lucas sequences and give elliptic solutions for them. The first type concerns a level-dependent (or discrete time-dependent) version involving commuting variables. We show that a nice solution for this sy
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The Lucas sequence is a sequence of polynomials in s, and t defined recursively by {0}=0, {1}=1, and {n}=s{n-1}+t{n-2} for n >= 2. On specialization of s and t one can recover the Fibonacci numbers, the nonnegative integers, and the q-integers [n]_q.
Given a quantity which is expressed in terms of products and quotients of nonnegative integers, one obtains a Lucas analogue by replacing each factor of n in the expression with {n}. It is then natural to ask if the resulting rational function is actually a polynomial in s and t with nonnegative integer coefficients and, if so, what it counts. The first simple combinatorial interpretation for this polynomial analogue of the binomial coefficients was given by Sagan and Savage, although their model resisted being used to prove identities for these Lucasnomials or extending their ideas to other combinatorial sequences. The purpose of this paper is to give a new, even more natural model for these Lucasnomials using lattice paths which can be used to prove various equalities as well as extending to Catalan numbers and their relatives, such as those for finite Coxeter groups.
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