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تسجيل مستخدم جديدOptimising the relaxation route with optimal control
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We look into the minimisation of the connection time between non-equilibrium steady states. As a prototypical example of an intrinsically non-equilibrium system, a driven granular gas is considered. For time-independent driving, its natural time scale for relaxation is characterised from an empirical -- the relaxation function -- and a theoretical -- the recently derived classical speed limits -- point of view. Using control theory, we find that bang-bang protocols -- comprising two steps, heating with the largest possible value of the driving and cooling with zero driving -- minimise the connecting time. The bang-bang time is shorter than both the empirical relaxation time and the classical speed limit: in this sense, the natural time scale for relaxation is beaten. Information theory quantities stemming from the Fisher information are also analysed over these optimal protocols. The implementation of the bang-bang processes in numerical simulations of the dynamics of the granular gas show an excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Moreover, general implications of our results are discussed for a wide class of driven non-equilibrium systems. Specifically, we show that analogous bang-bang protocols, with a number of bangs equal to the number of relevant physical variables, give the minimum connecting time under quite general conditions.
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