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The duration, strength and structure of memory effects are crucial properties of physical evolution. Due to the invasive nature of quantum measurement, such properties must be defined with respect to the probing instruments employed. Here, using a photonic platform, we experimentally demonstrate this necessity via two paradigmatic processes: future-history correlations in the first process can be erased by an intermediate quantum measurement; for the second process, a noisy classical measurement blocks the effect of history. We then apply memory truncation techniques to recover an efficient description that approximates expectation values for multi-time observables. Our proof-of-principle analysis paves the way for experiments concerning more general non-Markovian quantum processes and highlights where standard open systems techniques break down.
Every quantum system is coupled to an environment. Such system-environment interaction leads to temporal correlation between quantum operations at different times, resulting in non-Markovian noise. In principle, a full characterisation of non-Markovi
Simulating complex processes can be intractable when memory effects are present, often necessitating approximations in the length or strength of the memory. However, quantum processes display distinct memory effects when probed differently, precludin
The ability to communicate quantum information over long distances is of central importance in quantum science and engineering. For example, it enables secure quantum key distribution (QKD) relying on fundamental principles that prohibit the cloning
Characterisation protocols have so far played a central role in the development of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers capable of impressive quantum feats. This trajectory is expected to continue in building the next generation of devic
Efficient simulations of the dynamics of open systems is of wide importance for quantum science and tech-nology. Here, we introduce a generalization of the transfer-tensor, or discrete-time memory kernel, formalism to multi-time measurement scenarios