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Favorable propagation (FP) and channel hardening (CH) are desired properties in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. To date, these properties have primarily been analyzed for classical textit{statistical} channel models, or textit{ray-based} models with very specific angular parameters and distributions. This paper presents a thorough mathematical analysis of the asymptotic system behavior for ray-based channels with textit{arbitrary} ray distributions, and considers textit{two} types of antenna array structures at the cellular base station: a uniform linear array (ULA) and a uniform planar array (UPA). In addition to FP and channel hardening, we analyze the textit{large system potential} (LSP) which measures the asymptotic ratio of the expected power in the desired channel to the expected total interference power when both the antenna and user numbers grow. LSP is said to hold when this ratio converges to a positive constant. The results demonstrate that while FP is guaranteed in ray-based channels, CH may or may not occur depending on the nature of the model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LSP will not normally hold as the expected interference power grows logarithmically for both ULAs and UPAs relative to the power in the desired channel as the system size increases. Nevertheless, we identify some fundamental and attractive properties of massive MIMO in this limiting regime.
In cell-free massive MIMO networks, an efficient distributed detection algorithm is of significant importance. In this paper, we propose a distributed expectation propagation (EP) detector for cell-free massive MIMO. The detector is composed of two m
This letter presents and analyzes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based multi-carrier transmission for cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (CFmMIMO) over frequency-selective fading channels. Frequency-domain conjugate beamfor
We analyse the behaviour of a massive multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) system comprising a base station (BS) equipped with one of five different antenna topologies for which the spatial aperture is either unconstrained, or space-constrained. We derive the n
Terahertz (THz) communication is considered to be a promising technology for future 6G network. To overcome the severe attenuation and relieve the high power consumption, massive MIMO with hybrid precoding has been widely considered for THz communica
Massive MIMO wireless FDD systems are often confronted by the challenge to efficiently obtain downlink channel state information (CSI). Previous works have demonstrated the potential in CSI encoding and recovery by take advantage of uplink/downlink r