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We propose methods to reconstruct particle distributions with and without considering initial volume fluctuations. This approach enables us to correct for detector efficiencies and initial volume fluctuations simultaneously. Our study suggests such a tool could investigate the possible bimodal structure of net-proton distribution in Au+Au collisions at $sqrt{s_{rm NN}}=$7.7 GeV a signature of first-order phase transition and critical point [arXiv:1804.04463,arXiv:1811.04456].
The appearance of large, none-Gaussian cumulants of the baryon number distribution is commonly discussed as a signal for the QCD critical point. We review the status of the Taylor expansion of cumulant ratios of baryon number fluctuations along the f
The formulae for correlators K2 and K3 of a given particle observable (e.g. energy or transverse momentum) accounting for the track reconstruction efficiency are presented. Similar to the case of an ideal detector, the correlators can be expressed th
We derive formulas for the efficiency correction of cumulants with many efficiency bins. The derivation of the formulas is simpler than the previously suggested method, but the numerical cost is drastically reduced from the naive method. From analyti
Bayesian modeling techniques enable sensitivity analyses that incorporate detailed expectations regarding future experiments. A model-based approach also allows one to evaluate inferences and predicted outcomes, by calibrating (or measuring) the cons
We propose a method to remove the contributions of pileup events from higher-order cumulants and moments of event-by-event particle distributions. Assuming that the pileup events are given by the superposition of two independent single-collision even