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In differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM), variability in dynamical diffraction resulting from changes in sample thickness and local crystal orientation (due to sample bending) can produce contrast comparable to that arising from the long-range electromagnetic fields probed by this technique. Through simulation we explore the scale of these dynamical diffraction artefacts and introduce a metric for the magnitude of their confounding contribution to the contrast. We show that precession over an angular range of a few milliradian can suppress this confounding contrast by one-to-two orders of magnitude. Our exploration centres around a case study of GaAs near the [011] zone-axis orientation using a probe-forming aperture semiangle on the order of 0.1 mrad at 300 keV, but the trends found and methodology used are expected to apply more generally.
Quantitative differential phase contrast imaging of materials in atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy using segmented detectors is limited by various factors, including coherent and incoherent aberrations, detector positioning
The rigid-intensity-shift model of differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) imaging assumes that the phase gradient imposed on the probe by the sample causes the diffraction pattern intensity to shift rigidly b
Physics-driven discovery in an autonomous experiment has emerged as a dream application of machine learning in physical sciences. Here we develop and experimentally implement deep kernel learning workflow combining the correlative prediction of the t
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is now the primary tool for exploring functional materials on the atomic level. Often, features of interest are highly localized in specific regions in the material, such as ferroelectric domain walls,
Thin film oxides are a source of endless fascination for the materials scientist. These materials are highly flexible, can be integrated into almost limitless combinations, and exhibit many useful functionalities for device applications. While precis