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تسجيل مستخدم جديدFree-form Grale reconstruction of Abell 2744: robustness of uncertainties against changes in lensing data
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Abell 2744, a massive Hubble Frontier Fields merging galaxy cluster with many multiple images in the core has been the subject of many lens
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We use the Beyond Ultra-deep Frontier Fields and Legacy Observations (BUFFALO) strong lensing image catalog of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 370 to obtain a mass model using the free-form lens inversion algorithm GRALE. The improvement of the stro
ng lensing data quality results in a lens plane rms of only 0.45 arcsec, about a factor of two lower than that of our existing HFF v4 reconstruction. We attribute the improvement to spectroscopic data and use of the full reprocessed HST mosaics. In our reconstructed mass model, we found indications of three distinct mass features in Abell 370: (i) a $sim 35$ kpc offset between the northern BCG and the nearest mass peak, (ii) a $sim 100$ kpc mass concentration of roughly critical density $sim 250$ kpc east of the main cluster, and (iii) a probable filament-like structure passing N-S through the cluster. While (i) is present in some form in most publicly available reconstructions spanning the range of modeling techniques: parametric, hybrid, and free-form, (ii) and (iii) are recovered by only about half of the reconstructions. We tested our hypothesis on the presence of the filament-like structure by creating a synthetic cluster - Irtysh IIIc - mocking the situation of a cluster with external mass. We also computed the source plane magnification distributions. Using them we estimated the probabilities of magnifications in the source plane, and scrutinized their redshift dependence. Finally, we explored the lensing effects of Abell 370 on the luminosity functions of sources at $z_s=9.0$, finding it consistent with published results.
Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) imaging of the most powerful lensing clusters provides access to the most magnified distant galaxies. The challenge is to construct lens models capable of describing these complex massive, merging clusters so that individ
ual lensed systems can be reliably identified and their intrinsic properties accurately derived. We apply the free-form lensing method (WSLAP+) to A2744, providing a model independent map of the cluster mass, magnification, and geometric distance estimates to multiply-lensed sources. We solve simultaneously for a smooth cluster component on a pixel grid, together with local deflections by the cluster member galaxies. Combining model prediction with photometric redshift measurements, we correct and complete several systems recently claimed, and identify 4 new systems - totalling 65 images of 21 systems spanning a redshift range of 1.4<z<9.8. The reconstructed mass shows small enhancements in the directions where significant amounts of hot plasma can be seen in X-ray. We compare photometric redshifts with geometric redshifts, finding a high level of self-consistency. We find excellent agreement between predicted and observed fluxes - with a best-fit slope of 0.999+-0.013 and an RMS of ~0.25 mag, demonstrating that our magnification correction of the lensed background galaxies is very reliable. Intriguingly, few multiply-lensed galaxies are detected beyond z~7.0, despite the high magnification and the limiting redshift of z~11.5 permitted by the HFF filters. With the additional HFF clusters we can better examine the plausibility of any pronounced high-z deficit, with potentially important implications for the reionization epoch and the nature of dark matter.
In the near future, ultra deep observations of galaxy clusters with HST or JWST will uncover $300-1000$ lensed multiple images, increasing the current count per cluster by up to an order of magnitude. This will further refine our view of clusters, le
ading to a more accurate and precise mapping of the total and dark matter distribution in clusters, and enabling a better understanding of background galaxy population and their luminosity functions. However, to effectively use that many images as input to lens inversion will require a re-evaluation of, and possibly upgrades to the existing methods. In this paper we scrutinize the performance of the free-form lens inversion method Grale in the regime of $150-1000$ input images, using synthetic massive galaxy clusters. Our results show that with an increasing number of input images, Grale produces improved reconstructed mass distributions, with the fraction of the lens plane recovered at better than $10%$ accuracy increasing from $40-50%$ for $sim!!150$ images to $65%$ for $sim!1000$ images. The reconstructed time delays imply a more precise measurement of $H_0$, with $lesssim 1%$ bias. While the fidelity of the reconstruction improves with the increasing number of multiple images used as model constraints, $sim 150$ to $sim 1000$, the lens plane rms deteriorates from $sim 0.11$ to $sim 0.28$. Since lens plane rms is not necessarily the best indicator of the quality of the mass reconstructions, looking for an alternative indicator is warranted.
We identify four rare jellyfish galaxies in Hubble Space Telescope imagery of the major merger cluster Abell 2744. These galaxies harbor trails of star-forming knots and filaments which have formed in-situ in gas tails stripped from the parent galaxi
es, indicating they are in the process of being transformed by the environment. Further evidence for rapid transformation in these galaxies comes from their optical spectra, which reveal starburst, poststarburst and AGN features. Most intriguingly, three of the jellyfish galaxies lie near ICM features associated with a merging Bullet-like subcluster and its shock front detected in Chandra X-ray images. We suggest that the high pressure merger environment may be responsible for the star formation in the gaseous tails. This provides observational evidence for the rapid transformation of galaxies during the violent core passage phase of a major cluster merger.
We present an analysis of MUSE observations obtained on the massive Frontier Fields cluster Abell 2744. This new dataset covers the entire multiply-imaged region around the cluster core. We measure spectroscopic redshifts for HST-selected continuum s
ources together with line emitters blindly detected in the datacube. The combined catalog consists of 514 spectroscopic redshifts (with 414 new identifications), including 156 cluster members and 326 magnified background sources. We use this redshift information to perform a strong-lensing analysis of all multiple images previously found in the deep Frontier Field images, and add three new MUSE-detected multiply-imaged systems with no obvious HST counterpart. The combined strong lensing constraints include a total of 60 systems producing 188 images altogether, out of which 29 systems and 83 images are spectroscopically confirmed, making Abell 2744 one of the most well-constrained clusters to date. A parametric mass model including two cluster-scale components in the core and several group-scale substructures at larger radii accurately reproduces all the spectroscopic multiple systems, reaching an rms of 0.67 in the image plane. Overall, the large number of spectroscopic redshifts gives us a robust model and we estimate the systematics on the mass density and magnification within the cluster core to be typically ~9%.
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