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Recent work on the representation of functions on sets has considered the use of summation in a latent space to enforce permutation invariance. In particular, it has been conjectured that the dimension of this latent space may remain fixed as the cardinality of the sets under consideration increases. However, we demonstrate that the analysis leading to this conjecture requires mappings which are highly discontinuous and argue that this is only of limited practical use. Motivated by this observation, we prove that an implementation of this model via continuous mappings (as provided by e.g. neural networks or Gaussian processes) actually imposes a constraint on the dimensionality of the latent space. Practical universal function representation for set inputs can only be achieved with a latent dimension at least the size of the maximum number of input elements.
We show that any smooth bi-Lipschitz $h$ can be represented exactly as a composition $h_m circ ... circ h_1$ of functions $h_1,...,h_m$ that are close to the identity in the sense that each $left(h_i-mathrm{Id}right)$ is Lipschitz, and the Lipschitz
Modelling functions of sets, or equivalently, permutation-invariant functions, is a long-standing challenge in machine learning. Deep Sets is a popular method which is known to be a universal approximator for continuous set functions. We provide a th
We analyze the joint probability distribution on the lengths of the vectors of hidden variables in different layers of a fully connected deep network, when the weights and biases are chosen randomly according to Gaussian distributions, and the input
Dropout is a simple but effective technique for learning in neural networks and other settings. A sound theoretical understanding of dropout is needed to determine when dropout should be applied and how to use it most effectively. In this paper we co
A set $Ssubseteq 2^E$ of subsets of a finite set $E$ is emph{powerful} if, for all $Xsubseteq E$, the number of subsets of $X$ in $S$ is a power of 2. Each powerful set is associated with a non-negative integer valued function, which we call the rank