A flavour-tagged decay-time-dependent amplitude analysis of $B_s^0to(K^+pi^-)(K^-pi^+)$ decays is presented in the $K^{pm}pi^{mp}$ mass range from 750 to 1600 MeV$/c^2$. The analysis uses $pp$ collision data collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of $7$ and $8$ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3.0$ fb$^{-1}$. Several quasi-two-body decay modes are considered, corresponding to $K^{pm}pi^{mp}$ combinations with spin 0, 1 and 2, which are dominated by the $K_0^*(800)^0$ and $K_0^*(1430)^0$, the $K^*(892)^0$ and the $K_2^*(1430)^0$ resonances, respectively. The longitudinal polarisation fraction for the $B_s^0to K^*(892)^0overline{K}^*(892)^0$ decay is measured as $f_L=0.208 pm 0.032 pm 0.046$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The first measurement of the mixing-induced $CP$-violating phase, $phi_s^{doverline{d}}$, in $bto doverline{d}s$ transitions is performed, yielding a value of $phi_s^{doverline{d}}=-0.10$ $pm$ $0.13$ (stat) $pm$ $0.14$ (syst) rad.