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تسجيل مستخدم جديدMeasurement of the Cosmic Optical Background using the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager on New Horizons
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The cosmic optical background is an important observable that constrains energy production in stars and more exotic physical processes in the universe, and provides a crucial cosmological benchmark against which to judge theories of structure formation. Measurement of the absolute brightness of this background is complicated by local foregrounds like the Earths atmosphere and sunlight reflected from local interplanetary dust, and large discrepancies in the inferred brightness of the optical background have resulted. Observations from probes far from the Earth are not affected by these bright foregrounds. Here we analyze data from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) instrument on NASAs New Horizons mission acquired during cruise phase outside the orbit of Jupiter, and find a statistical upper limit on the optical backgrounds brightness similar to the integrated light from galaxies. We conclude that a carefully performed survey with LORRI could yield uncertainties comparable to those from galaxy counting measurements.
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The LOng-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is the high resolution imaging instrument for the New Horizons mission to Pluto, its giant satellite Charon, its small moons Nix and Hydra, and the Kuiper Belt, which is the vast region of icy bodies exten
ding roughly from Neptunes orbit out to 50 astronomical units (AU). New Horizons launched on January 19, 2006 as the inaugural mission in NASAs New Frontiers program. LORRI is a narrow angle (field of view=0.29 deg), high resolution (4.95 microrad pixels), Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 20.8 cm diameter primary mirror, a focal length of 263 cm, and a three lens field-flattening assembly. A 1024 x 1024 pixel (optically active region), thinned, backside-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) detector is used in the focal plane unit and is operated in frame transfer mode. LORRI provides panchromatic imaging over a bandpass that extends approximately from 350 nm to 850 nm. LORRI operates in an extreme thermal environment, situated inside the warm spacecraft with a large, open aperture viewing cold space. LORRI has a silicon carbide optical system, designed to maintain focus over the operating temperature range without a focus adjustment mechanism. Moreover, the spacecraft is thruster-stabilized without reaction wheels, placing stringent limits on the available exposure time and the optical throughput needed to satisfy the measurement requirements.
The LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is a panchromatic (360--910 nm), narrow-angle (field of view = 0.29 deg), high spatial resolution (pixel scale = 1.02 arcsec) visible light imager used on NASAs New Horizons (NH) mission for both science o
bservations and optical navigation. Calibration observations began several months after the NH launch on 2006 January 19 and have been repeated annually throughout the course of the mission, which is ongoing. This paper describes the in-flight LORRI calibration measurements, and the results derived from our analysis of the calibration data. LORRI has been remarkably stable over time with no detectable changes (at the 1% level) in sensitivity or optical performance since launch. By employing 4 by 4 re-binning of the CCD pixels during read out, a special spacecraft tracking mode, exposure times of 30 sec, and co-addition of approximately 100 images, LORRI can detect unresolved targets down to V = 22 (SNR=5). LORRI images have an instantaneous dynamic range of 3500, which combined with exposure time control ranging from 0ms to 64,967 ms in 1ms steps supports high resolution, high sensitivity imaging of planetary targets spanning heliocentric distances from Jupiter to deep in the Kuiper belt, enabling a wide variety of scientific investigations. We describe here how to transform LORRI images from raw (engineering) units into scientific (calibrated) units for both resolved and unresolved targets. We also describe various instrumental artifacts that could affect the interpretation of LORRI images under some observing circumstances.
We used existing data from the New Horizons LORRI camera to measure the optical-band ($0.4lesssimlambdalesssim0.9{rmmu m}$) sky brightness within seven high galactic latitude fields. The average raw level measured while New Horizons was 42 to 45 AU f
rom the Sun is $33.2pm0.5{rm ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}.$ This is $sim10times$ darker than the darkest sky accessible to the {it Hubble Space Telescope}, highlighting the utility of New Horizons for detecting the cosmic optical background (COB). Isolating the COB contribution to the raw total requires subtracting scattered light from bright stars and galaxies, faint stars below the photometric detection-limit within the fields, and diffuse Milky Way light scattered by infrared cirrus. We remove newly identified residual zodiacal light from the IRIS $100mu$m all sky maps to generate two different estimates for the diffuse galactic light (DGL). Using these yields a highly significant detection of the COB in the range ${rm 15.9pm 4.2 (1.8~stat., 3.7~sys.) ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}$ to ${rm 18.7pm 3.8 (1.8~stat., 3.3 ~sys.)~ nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}$ at the LORRI pivot wavelength of 0.608 $mu$m. Subtraction of the integrated light of galaxies (IGL) fainter than the photometric detection-limit from the total COB level leaves a diffuse flux component of unknown origin in the range ${rm 8.8pm4.9 (1.8 ~stat., 4.5 ~sys.) ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}$ to ${rm 11.9pm4.6 (1.8 ~stat., 4.2 ~sys.) ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}$. Explaining it with undetected galaxies requires the galaxy-count faint-end slope to steepen markedly at $V>24$ or that existing surveys are missing half the galaxies with $V< 30.$
The outer solar system provides a unique, quiet vantage point from which to observe the universe around us, where measurements could enable several niche astrophysical science cases that are too difficult to perform near Earth. NASAs New Horizons mis
sion comprises an instrument package that provides imaging capability from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (near-IR) wavelengths with moderate spectral resolution located beyond the orbit of Pluto. A carefully designed survey with New Horizons can optimize the use of expendable propellant and the limited data telemetry bandwidth to allow several measurements, including a detailed understanding of the cosmic extragalactic background light; studies of the local and extragalactic UV background; measurements of the properties of dust and ice in the outer solar system; confirmation and characterization of transiting exoplanets; determinations of the mass of dark objects using gravitational microlensing; and rapid follow-up of transient events. New Horizons is currently in an extended mission designed to focus on Kuiper Belt science that will conclude in 2021. The astrophysics community has a unique, generational opportunity to use this mission for astronomical observation at heliocentric distances beyond 50 au in the next decade. In this paper, we discuss the potential science cases for such an extended mission, and provide an initial assessment of the most important operational requirements and observation strategies it would require. We conclude that New Horizons is capable of transformative science, and that it would make a valuable and unique asset for astrophysical science that is unlikely to be replicated in the near future.
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ossible with existing technology, would provide key tests for processes expected within the cosmological standard model and open an enormous discovery space to new physics. This offers unique scientific opportunities for furthering our understanding of inflation, recombination, reionization and structure formation as well as dark matter and particle physics. A dedicated experimental approach could open this new window to the early Universe in the decades to come, allowing us to turn the long-standing upper distortion limits obtained with COBE/FIRAS some 25 years ago into clear detections of the expected standard distortion signals.
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