Manipulating low-dimensional materials down to the level of single atoms with electron irradiation

Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrumentation have made it possible to focus electron beams with sub-atomic precision and to identify the chemical structure of materials at the level of individual atoms. Here we discuss the dynamics that are observed in the structure of low-dimensional materials under electron irradiation, and the potential use of electron beams for single-atom manipulation. As a demonstration of the latter capability, we show how momentum transfer from the electrons of a 60-keV {AA}ngstrom-sized STEM probe can be used to move silicon atoms embedded in the graphene lattice with atomic precision.