We present a detailed synchrotron x-ray scattering study of the charge-density-wave (CDW) order in simple tetragonal HgBa$_2$CuO$_{4+delta}$ (Hg1201). Resonant soft x-ray scattering measurements reveal that short-range order appears at a temperature that is distinctly lower than the pseudogap temperature and in excellent agreement with a prior transient reflectivity result. Despite considerable structural differences between Hg1201 and YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+delta}$, the CDW correlations exhibit similar doping dependencies, and we demonstrate a universal relationship between the CDW wave vector and the size of the reconstructed Fermi pocket observed in quantum oscillation experiments. The CDW correlations in Hg1201 vanish already below optimal doping, once the correlation length is comparable to the CDW modulation period, and they appear to be limited by the disorder potential from unit cells hosting two interstitial oxygen atoms. A complementary hard x-ray diffraction measurement, performed on an underdoped Hg1201 sample in magnetic fields along the crystallographic $c$ axis of up to 16 T, provides information about the form factor of the CDW order. As expected from the single-CuO$_2$-layer structure of Hg1201, the CDW correlations vanish at half-integer values of $L$ and appear to be peaked at integer $L$. We conclude that the atomic displacements associated with the short-range CDW order are mainly planar, within the CuO$_2$ layers.
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