Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in the Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Co:TiO$_2$

Here we present a study of magnetism in CTO anatase films grown by pulsed laser deposition under a variety of oxygen partial pressures and deposition rates. Energy-dispersive spectrometry and transition electron microscopy analyses indicate that a high deposition rate leads to a homogeneous microstructure, while very low rate or postannealing results in cobalt clustering. Depth resolved low-energy muon spin rotation experiments show that films grown at a low oxygen partial pressure ($approx 10^{-6}$ torr) with a uniform structure are fully magnetic, indicating intrinsic ferromagnetism. First principles calculations identify the beneficial role of low oxygen partial pressure in the realization of uniform carrier-mediated ferromagnetism. This work demonstrates that Co:TiO$_2$ is an intrinsic diluted magnetic semiconductor.