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تسجيل مستخدم جديدA distinct magnetic property of the inner penumbral boundary. II. Formation of a penumbra at the expense of a pore
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We recently presented evidence that stable umbra-penumbra boundaries are characterised by a distinct canonical value of the vertical component of the magnetic field, $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$. In order to trigger the formation of a penumbra, large inclinations in the magnetic field are necessary. In sunspots, the penumbra develops and establishes by colonising both umbral areas and granulation, that is, penumbral magneto-convection takes over in umbral regions with $B_{rm ver} < B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$, as well as in granular convective areas. Eventually, a stable umbra-penumbra boundary settles at $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$. Here, we aim to study the development of a penumbra initiated at the boundary of a pore, where the penumbra colonises the entire pore ultimately. We have used Hinode/SOT G-band images to study the evolution of the penumbra. Hinode/SOT spectropolarimetric data were used to infer the magnetic field properties in the studied region. The penumbra forms at the boundary of a pore located close to the polarity inversion line of NOAA,10960. As the penumbral bright grains protrude into the pore, the magnetic flux in the forming penumbra increases at the expense of the pore magnetic flux. Consequently, the pore disappears completely giving rise to an orphan penumbra. At all times, the vertical component of the magnetic field in the pore is smaller than $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver} approx 1.8$~kG. Our findings are in an agreement with the need of $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$ for establishing a stable umbra-penumbra boundary: while $B_{rm ver}$ in the pore is smaller than $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$, the protrusion of penumbral grains into the pore area is not blocked, a stable pore-penumbra boundary does not establish, and the pore is fully overtaken by the penumbral magneto-convective mode. This scenario could also be one of the mechanisms giving rise to orphan penumbrae.
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A sunspot emanates from a growing pore or protospot. In order to trigger the formation of a penumbra, large inclinations at the outskirts of the protospot are necessary. The penumbra develops and establishes by colonising both umbral areas and granul
ation. Evidence for a unique stable boundary value for the vertical component of the magnetic field strength, $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$, was found along the umbra-penumbra boundary of developed sunspots. We use broadband G-band images and spectropolarimetric GFPI/VTT data to study the evolution of and the vertical component of the magnetic field on a forming umbra-penumbra boundary. For comparison with stable sunspots, we also analyse the two maps observed by Hinode/SP on the same spot after the penumbra formed. The vertical component of the magnetic field, $B_{rm ver}$, at the umbra-penumbra boundary increases during penumbra formation owing to the incursion of the penumbra into umbral areas. After 2.5 hours, the penumbra reaches a stable state as shown by the GFPI data. At this stable stage, the simultaneous Hinode/SP observations show a $B_{rm ver}$ value comparable to that of umbra-penumbra boundaries of fully fledged sunspots. We confirm that the umbra-penumbra boundary, traditionally defined by an intensity threshold, is also characterised by a distinct canonical magnetic property, namely by $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$. During the penumbra formation process, the inner penumbra extends into regions where the umbra previously prevailed. Hence, in areas where $B_{rm ver} < B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$, the magneto-convection mode operating in the umbra turns into a penumbral mode. Eventually, the inner penumbra boundary settles at $B^{rm stable}_{rm ver}$, which hints toward the role of $B_{rm ver}^{rm stable}$ as inhibitor of the penumbral mode of magneto-convection.
The analyses of sunspot observations revealed a fundamental magnetic property of the umbral boundary, the invariance of the vertical component of the magnetic field. We aim to analyse the magnetic properties of the umbra-penumbra boundary in simulate
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