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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe ALMA Frontier Fields survey I: 1.1 mm continuum detections in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
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Dusty star-forming galaxies are among the most prodigious systems at high redshift (z>1), characterized by high star formation rates and huge dust reservoirs. The bright end of this population has been well characterized in recent years, but considerable uncertainties remain for fainter dusty star-forming galaxies, which are responsible for the bulk of star formation at high redshift and thus play a key role in galaxy growth and evolution. In this first paper of our series, we describe our methods for finding high redshift faint dusty galaxies using millimeter observations with ALMA. We obtained ALMA 1.1 mm mosaic images for three strong-lensing galaxy clusters from the Frontier Fields survey. The 2x2 mosaics overlap with the deep HST WFC3/IR footprints and encompass the high magnification regions of each cluster. The combination of extremely high ALMA sensitivity and the magnification power of these clusters allows us to systematically probe the sub-mJy population of dusty star-forming galaxies over a large surveyed area. We present a description of the reduction and analysis of the ALMA continuum observations for the galaxy clusters Abell 2744 (z=0.308), MACSJ0416.1-2403 (z=0.396) and MACSJ1149.5+2223 (z=0.543), for which we reach observed rms sensitivities of 55, 59 and 71 $mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ respectively. We detect 12 dusty star-forming galaxies at S/N>5.0 across the three clusters, all of them presenting coincidence with NIR detected counterparts in the HST images. None of the sources fall close to the lensing caustics, thus they are not strongly lensed. The observed 1.1 mm flux densities for the total sample of galaxies range from 0.41 to 2.82 mJy, with observed effective radii spanning <0.05 to 0.37$pm$0.21. The lensing-corrected sizes of the detected sources appear to be in the same range as those measured in brighter samples, albeit with possibly larger dispersion.
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[abridged] Characterizing the number counts of faint, dusty star-forming galaxies is currently a challenge even for deep, high-resolution observations in the FIR-to-mm regime. They are predicted to account for approximately half of the total extragal
actic background light at those wavelengths. Searching for dusty star-forming galaxies behind massive galaxy clusters benefits from strong lensing, enhancing their measured emission while increasing spatial resolution. Derived number counts depend, however, on mass reconstruction models that properly constrain these clusters. We estimate the 1.1 mm number counts along the line of sight of three galaxy clusters, i.e. Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223, which are part of the ALMA Frontier Fields Survey. We perform detailed simulations to correct these counts for lensing effects. We use several publicly available lensing models for the galaxy clusters to derive the intrinsic flux densities of our sources. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the number counts for a detailed treatment of the uncertainties in the magnifications and adopted source redshifts. We find an overall agreement among the number counts derived for the different lens models, despite their systematic variations regarding source magnifications and effective areas. Our number counts span ~2.5 dex in demagnified flux density, from several mJy down to tens of uJy. Our number counts are consistent with recent estimates from deep ALMA observations at a 3$sigma$ level. Below $approx$ 0.1 mJy, however, our cumulative counts are lower by $approx$ 1 dex, suggesting a flattening in the number counts. In our deepest ALMA mosaic, we estimate number counts for intrinsic flux densities $approx$ 4 times fainter than the rms level. This highlights the potential of probing the sub-10 uJy population in larger samples of galaxy cluster fields with deeper ALMA observations.
Most sub-mm emission line studies of galaxies to date have targeted sources with known redshifts where the frequencies of the lines are well constrained. Recent blind line scans circumvent the spectroscopic redshift requirement, which could represent
a selection bias. Our aim is to detect emission lines present in continuum oriented observations. The detection of such lines provides spectroscopic redshift and yields properties of the galaxies. We perform a search for emission lines in the ALMA observations of five Frontier Fields clusters and assess the reliability of our detection by associating line candidates with detected galaxies in deep near-infrared imaging. We find 26 significant emission lines candidates, with observed line fluxes between 0.2-4.6 Jy km s$^{-1}$ and velocity dispersions (FWHM) of 25-600 km s$^{-1}$. Nine of these candidates lie nearby to near-infrared sources, boosting their reliability; in six cases the observed line frequency and strength are consistent with expectations given the photometric redshift and properties of the galaxy counterparts. We present redshift identifications, magnifications and molecular gas estimates for the galaxies with identified lines. We show that two of these candidates likely originate from starburst galaxies, one of which is a jellyfish galaxy, while another two are consistent with being main sequence galaxies based in their depletion times. This work highlights the degree to which serendipitous emission lines can be discovered in large mosaic continuum observations when deep ancillary data are available. The low number of high-significance line detections, however, confirms that such surveys are not as optimal as blind line scans. We stress that Monte Carlo simulations should be used to assess the line detections significances, since using the negative noise suffers from stochasticity and incurs larger uncertainties.
[abridged] The Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope surveys of the Frontier Fields (FF) provide extremely deep images around six massive, strong-lensing clusters of galaxies. The ALMA FF survey aims to cover the same fields at 1.1mm, with maps reaching
(unlensed) sensitivities of $<$70$mu$Jy, in order to explore the properties of background dusty star-forming galaxies. We report on the multi-wavelength photometric analysis of all 12 significantly detected ($>$5$sigma$) sources in the first three FF clusters observed by ALMA, based on data from Hubble and Spitzer, the VLT and Herschel. We measure the total photometry in all available bands and determine the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the counterparts via SED-fitting. In particular, we carefully estimate the FIR photometry using 1.1mm priors to limit the misidentification of blended FIR counterparts, which strongly affect some flux estimates in previous FIR catalogs. We identify robust near-infrared (NIR) counterparts for all 11 sources with K$_s$ detection, the majority of which are quite red, with eight having $F814W-K_sgtrsim 4$ and five having $F160W-[4.5]gtrsim3$. From the FIR point of view, all our objects have $z_{phot}$$sim$1--3, whereas based on the optical SED one object prefers a high-$z$ solution ($zgeq $7). Five objects among our sample have spectroscopic redshifts from the GLASS survey for which we can reproduce their SEDs with existing templates. This verification confirms the validity of our photometric redshift methodology. The mean redshift of our sample is $z_{phot}$=1.99$pm$0.27. All 1.1mm selected objects are massive (10.0$<log[M_{star}(M_{odot})]<$ 11.5), with high star formation rates ($<log[SFR(M_{odot}/yr)]> approx$1.6) and high dust contents (8.1 $<log[M_{dust} (M_{odot})]<$8.8), consistent with previous ALMA surveys.
We present multiwavelength photometric catalogues (HST, Spitzer and Hawk-I K band) for the first two of the Frontier Fields, Abell2744 and MACSJ0416 (plus their parallel fields). To detect faint sources even in the central regions of the clusters, we
develop a robust and repeatable procedure that uses the public codes Galapagos and Galfit to model and remove most of the light contribution from both the brightest cluster members as well as the ICL. We perform the detection on the HST H160 processed image to obtain a pure H-selected sample. We also add a sample of sources which are undetected in the H160 image but appear on a stacked infrared image. Photometry in the other HST bands is obtained using SExtractor, performed again on residual images after the Galfit procedure for foreground light removal. Photometry on the Hawk-I and IRAC bands has been obtained using our PSF-matching deconfusion code T-PHOT. A similar procedure, but without the need for the foreground light removal, is adopted for the Parallel fields. The procedure allows for the detection and the photometric measurements of ~2500 sources per field. We deliver and release complete photometric H-detected catalogues, with the addition of a complementary sample of infrared-detected sources. All objects have multiwavelength coverage including B to H HST bands, plus K band from Hawk-I, and 3.6 - 4.5 {mu}m from Spitzer. Full and detailed treatment of photometric errors is included. We perform basic sanity checks on the reliability of our results. The multiwavelength catalogues are publicly available and are ready to be used for scientific purposes. Our procedures allows for the detection of outshined objects near the bright galaxies, which, coupled with the magnification effect of the clusters, can reveal extremely faint high redshift sources. Full analysis on photometric redshifts is presented in a companion Paper II. [abridged]
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