ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
Galaxy comoving number density is commonly used to forge progenitor/descendant links between observed galaxy populations at different epochs. However, this method breaks down in the presence of galaxy mergers, or when galaxies experience stochastic growth rates. We present a simple analytic framework to treat the physical processes that drive the evolution and diffusion of galaxies within comoving number density space. The evolution in mass rank order of a galaxy population with time is influenced by the galaxy coagulation rate and galaxy mass rank scatter rate. We quantify the relative contribution of these two effects to the mass rank order evolution. We show that galaxy coagulation is dominant at lower redshifts and stellar masses, while scattered growth rates dominate the mass rank evolution at higher redshifts and stellar masses. For a galaxy population at $10^{10} M_odot$, coagulation has been the dominant effect since $z=2.2$, but a galaxy population at $10^{11} M_odot$ was dominated by mass rank scatter until $z=0.6$. We show that although the forward and backward median number density evolution tracks are asymmetric, the backward median number density evolution can be obtained by convolving the descendant distribution function with progenitor relative abundances. We tabulate fits for the median number density evolution and scatter which can be applied to improve the way galaxy populations are linked in multi-epoch observational datasets.
Studying the average properties of galaxies at a fixed comoving number density over a wide redshift range has become a popular observational method, because it may trace the evolution of galaxies statistically. We test this method by comparing the ev
The cumulative comoving number-density of galaxies as a function of stellar mass or central velocity dispersion is commonly used to link galaxy populations across different epochs. By assuming that galaxies preserve their number-density in time, one
The evolution of the number density of galaxies in the universe, and thus also the total number of galaxies, is a fundamental question with implications for a host of astrophysical problems including galaxy evolution and cosmology. However there has
Preliminary but close to final results on the Z lineshape and Forward-Backward asymmetries from the four LEP experiments are presented. Combined values extracted from ALEPH. DELPHI, L3 and OPAL data recorded at energies around the Z pole are discussed.
A coupled forward-backward stochastic differential system (FBSDS) is formulated in spaces of fields for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation in the whole space. It is shown to have a unique local solution, and further if either the Reynolds numb