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We prove that for every Borel equivalence relation $E$, either $E$ is Borel reducible to $mathbb{E}_0$, or the family of Borel equivalence relations incompatible with $E$ has cofinal essential complexity. It follows that if $F$ is a Borel equivalence relation and $cal F$ is a family of Borel equivalence relations of non-cofinal essential complexity which together satisfy the dichotomy that for every Borel equivalence relation $E$, either $Ein {cal F}$ or $F$ is Borel reducible to $E$, then $cal F$ consists solely of smooth equivalence relations, thus the dichotomy is equivalent to a known theorem.
In this paper we start the analysis of the class $mathcal D_{aleph_2}$, the class of cofinal types of directed sets of cofinality at most $aleph_2$. We compare elements of $mathcal D_{aleph_2}$ using the notion of Tukey reducibility. We isolate some
Fix a countable nonstandard model $mathcal M$ of Peano Arithmetic. Even with some rather severe restrictions placed on the types of minimal cofinal extensions $mathcal N succ mathcal M$ that are allowed, we still find that there are $2^{aleph_0}$ pos
In previous work, we have combined computable structure theory and algorithmic learning theory to study which families of algebraic structures are learnable in the limit (up to isomorphism). In this paper, we measure the computational power that is n
A theorem of alternatives provides a reduction of validity in a substructural logic to validity in its multiplicative fragment. Notable examples include a theorem of Arnon Avron that reduces the validity of a disjunction of multiplicative formulas in