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تسجيل مستخدم جديدSingle electron detection and spectroscopy via relativistic cyclotron radiation
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It has been understood since 1897 that accelerating charges must emit electromagnetic radiation. Cyclotron radiation, the particular form of radiation emitted by an electron orbiting in a magnetic field, was first derived in 1904. Despite the simplicity of this concept, and the enormous utility of electron spectroscopy in nuclear and particle physics, single-electron cyclotron radiation has never been observed directly. Here we demonstrate single-electron detection in a novel radiofrequency spec- trometer. We observe the cyclotron radiation emitted by individual magnetically-trapped electrons that are produced with mildly-relativistic energies by a gaseous radioactive source. The relativistic shift in the cyclotron frequency permits a precise electron energy measurement. Precise beta elec- tron spectroscopy from gaseous radiation sources is a key technique in modern efforts to measure the neutrino mass via the tritium decay endpoint, and this work demonstrates a fundamentally new approach to precision beta spectroscopy for future neutrino mass experiments.
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The most sensitive direct method to establish the absolute neutrino mass is observation of the endpoint of the tritium beta-decay spectrum. Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a precision spectrographic technique that can probe much o
f the unexplored neutrino mass range with $mathcal{O}({rm eV})$ resolution. A lower bound of $m( u_e) gtrsim 9(0.1), {rm meV}$ is set by observations of neutrino oscillations, while the KATRIN Experiment - the current-generation tritium beta-decay experiment that is based on Magnetic Adiabatic Collimation with an Electrostatic (MAC-E) filter - will achieve a sensitivity of $m( u_e) lesssim 0.2,{rm eV}$. The CRES technique aims to avoid the difficulties in scaling up a MAC-E filter-based experiment to achieve a lower mass sensitivity. In this paper we review the current status of the CRES technique and describe Project 8, a phased absolute neutrino mass experiment that has the potential to reach sensitivities down to $m( u_e) lesssim 40,{rm meV}$ using an atomic tritium source.
The recently developed technique of Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) uses frequency information from the cyclotron motion of an electron in a magnetic bottle to infer its kinetic energy. Here we derive the expected radio frequency sig
nal from an electron in a waveguide CRES apparatus from first principles. We demonstrate that the frequency-domain signal is rich in information about the electrons kinematic parameters, and extract a set of measurables that in a suitably designed system are sufficient for disentangling the electrons kinetic energy from the rest of its kinematic features. This lays the groundwork for high-resolution energy measurements in future CRES experiments, such as the Project 8 neutrino mass measurement.
In this work we study the performance of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) light sensors after exposure to the JULIC cyclotron proton beam, of energy $sim$ 39 MeV, relative to their performance before exposure. The SiPM devices used in this study show a
significant change in their behavior and downward shift of their breakdown voltage by as much as $sim$ 0.4$pm$0.1 V. Single photon measurements appear to be no longer possible for the SiPMs under study after exposure to a dose of $sim$ 0.2 Gy (corresponding to an integrated proton flux of $sim$$phi_{p}$=1.06x10$^{8}$ p/cm$^{2}$). No visible damage to the surface of the devices was caused by the exposure.
The single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) provides a large amount of detailed information in the form of fine-grained drifted ionization charge from particle traces. To fully utilize this information, the deposited charge must be
accurately extracted from the raw digitized waveforms via a robust signal processing chain. Enabled by the ultra-low noise levels associated with cryogenic electronics in the MicroBooNE detector, the precise extraction of ionization charge from the induction wire planes in a single-phase LArTPC is qualitatively demonstrated on MicroBooNE data with event display images, and quantitatively demonstrated via waveform-level and track-level metrics. Improved performance of induction plane calorimetry is demonstrated through the agreement of extracted ionization charge measurements across different wire planes for various event topologies. In addition to the comprehensive waveform-level comparison of data and simulation, a calibration of the cryogenic electronics response is presented and solutions to various MicroBooNE-specific TPC issues are discussed. This work presents an important improvement in LArTPC signal processing, the foundation of reconstruction and therefore physics analyses in MicroBooNE.
We describe the concept and procedure of drifted-charge extraction developed in the MicroBooNE experiment, a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). This technique converts the raw digitized TPC waveform to the number of ionizatio
n electrons passing through a wire plane at a given time. A robust recovery of the number of ionization electrons from both induction and collection anode wire planes will augment the 3D reconstruction, and is particularly important for tomographic reconstruction algorithms. A number of building blocks of the overall procedure are described. The performance of the signal processing is quantitatively evaluated by comparing extracted charge with the true charge through a detailed TPC detector simulation taking into account position-dependent induced current inside a single wire region and across multiple wires. Some areas for further improvement of the performance of the charge extraction procedure are also discussed.
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