Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope


الملخص بالإنكليزية

The low frequency array (LOFAR), is the first radio telescope designed with the capability to measure radio emission from cosmic-ray induced air showers in parallel with interferometric observations. In the first $sim 2,mathrm{years}$ of observing, 405 cosmic-ray events in the energy range of $10^{16} - 10^{18},mathrm{eV}$ have been detected in the band from $30 - 80,mathrm{MHz}$. Each of these air showers is registered with up to $sim1000$ independent antennas resulting in measurements of the radio emission with unprecedented detail. This article describes the dataset, as well as the analysis pipeline, and serves as a reference for future papers based on these data. All steps necessary to achieve a full reconstruction of the electric field at every antenna position are explained, including removal of radio frequency interference, correcting for the antenna response and identification of the pulsed signal.

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