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We study pairs of reals that are mutually Martin-L{o}f random with respect to a common, not necessarily computable probability measure. We show that a generalized version of van Lambalgens Theorem holds for non-computable probability measures, too. We study, for a given real $A$, the emph{independence spectrum} of $A$, the set of all $B$ so that there exists a probability measure $mu$ so that $mu{A,B} = 0$ and $(A,B)$ is $mutimesmu$-random. We prove that if $A$ is r.e., then no $Delta^0_2$ set is in the independence spectrum of $A$. We obtain applications of this fact to PA degrees. In particular, we show that if $A$ is r.e. and $P$ is of PA degree so that $P otgeq_{T} A$, then $A oplus P geq_{T} 0$.
We study degree-theoretic properties of reals that are not random with respect to any continuous probability measure (NCR). To this end, we introduce a family of generalized Hausdorff measures based on the iterates of the dissipation function of a co
An element $a$ of a lattice cups to an element $b > a$ if there is a $c < b$ such that $a cup c = b$. An element of a lattice has the cupping property if it cups to every element above it. We prove that there are non-zero honest elementary degrees th
We compare the degrees of enumerability and the closed Medvedev degrees and find that many situations occur. There are nonzero closed degrees that do not bound nonzero degrees of enumerability, there are nonzero degrees of enumerability that do not b
We study the question, ``For which reals $x$ does there exist a measure $mu$ such that $x$ is random relative to $mu$? We show that for every nonrecursive $x$, there is a measure which makes $x$ random without concentrating on $x$. We give several co
Algorithmic randomness theory starts with a notion of an individual random object. To be reasonable, this notion should have some natural properties; in particular, an object should be random with respect to image distribution if and only if it has a